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This session seeks to bridge academia and industry, providing an opportunity to explore
collaboration possibilities and share knowledge. It focuses on blockchain, IT security, and AI, which are important topics to research in the current tech landscape. With the rise of digitalization, the need for secure and reliable systems that operate autonomously has increased significantly. The session focuses on applications and use cases in these fields.
We are inviting active members of universities, research groups, startups, enterprises, and institutes from Korea and Europe, who are pushing the boundaries of these fields, to join the conversation.
Our goal is to create a strong network of professionals, foster connections between different stakeholders, and inspire innovative ideas that will shape the future of these fields.
Research on networked IT infrastructures is challenged by the complexity
of the software and hardware architectures involved, including the increasing complex interaction of the involved protocols, complex
software stacks with millions lines of code, and the growing hardware
complexity that achieves performance advances by sophisticated
architectures.
Experimental research is essential for advancing networked systems. Due
to the complexity of the systems, reproducibility is hard. At the same
time, the ability of reproducing experiments is essential for scientific
progress. Solutions to this dilemma are introduced, including tools for
supporting experiments. The plain orchestrating service (pos) enables
reproducible experimental workflows and is a component of the SLICES
Research Infrastructure. SLICES is part of the European Strategy Forum
on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) roadmap. It enables research
reproducibility for complex and large-scale experimentation, addresses
research environment provisioning on demand, and data management
infrastructure to ensure data quality and support effective data sharing.
In this talk, we will delve into the definitions and fundamental philosophical concepts of Web3, an innovative decentralized internet that promotes "less trust, more truth." We will explore the numerous advantages that Web3 offers in contrast to Web2, while also addressing its limitations. Furthermore, we will provide a basic overview of blockchain technology, which serves as a key catalyst propelling society towards a Web3 paradigm.
Our discussion will primarily focus on Polkadot, a prominent blockchain ecosystem that presents a host of compelling benefits for developers seeking to embrace the Web3 movement. One such advantage is Substrate, a user-friendly blockchain development framework. Among these benefits are Substrate, an easy-to-use blockchain development framework; seamless interoperability among different blockchains; a shared security model; and a truly democratic and autonomous governance mechanism.
Zero Knowledge is the talk of the town. But most people are still wondering what ZK is and how it’s actually used. And will this be the tech that opens web3 to the masses? Come to my talk!
In the digital realm, the antiquated username/password authentication model has plagued users with numerous security risks and limitations. However, a revolutionary solution has emerged in the form of decentralized identity and verifiable credentials. This talk will delve into the fundamentals of this groundbreaking technology, showcasing its potential to solve the challenges posed by the current Web2 industry.
Join us on a journey exploring the core concepts of decentralized identity and verifiable credentials. We will uncover how these innovations empower individuals with control over their personal information while enhancing security, privacy, and trust in online interactions. Discover how decentralized identity shifts the power dynamics, enabling users to own and manage their digital identities across various platforms and services, eliminating the need for centralized intermediaries.
Through this captivating talk, you will grasp the immense potential of decentralized identity and verifiable credentials to reshape the digital landscape. Witness how this transformative technology can usher in a future where users regain control of their personal data, dramatically reducing the risks associated with centralized data breaches and online impersonation.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of our global community to infectious diseases and underlined the importance of a coordinated, international response. In the vast expanse of our global health landscape, the COVID-19 pandemic has felt like an overwhelming storm, testing the resilience of our societies and our healthcare systems. As we steer our way into the aftermath, we must focus on the changing map of infectious diseases including bacterial pathogens besides viral disease, and set our compass to navigate this evolving world. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global community finds itself at a crossroads. This relentless virus has laid bare our vulnerabilities, shattering notions of invincibility and setting us adrift on uncharted waters. As we look to regain our bearings, our gaze is set on the horizon, towards the unknown future of infectious diseases. Notably, after the pandemic, there has also been considerable interest in research on antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Our session, " Navigating a Post COVID-19 World: Strengthening global resilience against unprecedented infectious diseases," aspires to be the astrolabe for this complex journey. This session aims to foster a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted approach needed to tackle future infectious disease outbreaks. Participants will gain insights into the adaptations necessary in healthcare systems, technological innovation, vaccine distribution, and the crucial role of global collaboration. The knowledge and strategies exchanged in this session will contribute to the global preparedness and resilience against future pandemics. Target Audience:
Public health officials, epidemiologists, policy makers, health economists, virologists, technology innovators in health, ethicists, logistic specialists, and representatives from international health organizations and NGOs. By uniting global experts in a shared dialogue, we will create a robust platform to collaboratively address the challenge of infectious diseases in our post-COVID world.
Mathematical models and cost-effectiveness analyses have been playing a major role when UK policymakers consider changes in the UK national vaccination programmes. As an example, I would like to introduce my mathematical modelling work on paediatric pertussis vaccination programmes in the UK. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, had been a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality until a pertussis vaccine programme introduction in 1957 in the UK. The pertussis incidences had increased with lowered vaccine coverage after the fear of a potential relationship between whole-cell pertussis vaccine and brain damage in the late 70s and early 80s. The coverage had been recovered and remained high since the 90s. However, there was a resurgence of pertussis cases among infants who were too young to be vaccinated in 2012. We developed a mathematical model of the pertussis transmission dynamics and historical pertussis vaccination programmes in the UK to investigate potential causes of the 2012 resurgence and the potential impact of additional pertussis vaccination programmes in the UK. I would like to introduce findings from this mathematical modelling study, and its impact on the UK and WHO recommendations.
TBD (21.07.2023)
Escherichia coli is a major constituent of the gut microbiota of mammals. Despite this frequent symbiosis, some strains of E. coli are pathogenic. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), foodborne Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) caused more than 1,000,000 illnesses, leading to more than 100 deaths and approximately 13,000 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2020. Shiga toxins (Stxs) are primary virulence factors produced by Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Stxs are multi-functional ribosome-inactivating proteins primarily responsible for developing the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and central nervous system (CNS) impairment. Current therapeutic options for diseases caused by Stxs are few, including peritoneal dialysis. However, the precise reasons for dialysis of the peritoneum to treat HUS are unknown. It has become increasingly apparent that Stx-activated immune cells release increased amounts of biologically active molecules that function as paracrine factors and may exacerbate adverse effects on primary target organs. Besides, it has been shown that Stx induces phosphorylation of GSK-3β, which accelerates the biogenesis of Wnts and may lead to paracrine effects of neighboring cells. Wnts are highly-conserved lipid-modified secreted proteins that regulate the tight junction of recipient cells. Wnts are highly-conserved lipid-modified secreted proteins that regulate the tight junction of recipient cells. Here, we identify Stx-activated peritoneal immune cells that produce Wnt along with elevated levels of calcium, which disrupts the tight junction of the kidney, leading to exacerbating the lethality in a host. Notably, we observed that the depletion of Wnt-producing peritoneal macrophage/B cells ameliorates the development of HUS in vivo. Given the capacity of Stxs to subvert the tight- junction of the target organ in a host by Wnt, inhibition of Wnt production successfully ameliorates the pathogenesis of HUS.
Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the KRIBB Research Initiative Program (KGM9942213, KGM5322214) and by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HI23C0041) and also by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (2022R1A2C1003699)
Currently, our society faces an urgent need for early response technologies to address chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) threats that may arise in various scenarios, including terrorism, disasters, and attacks. To tackle these challenges, the Next-Generation Biodefense Research Lab (NGBRL) was established in 2019 at the Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology.
The primary objective of the NGBRL is to develop essential foundational technologies for next-generation preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic systems. Additionally, the lab is dedicated to creating integrated wearable bio-defense systems capable of preemptive responses to potential future biological weapon threats and bioterrorism.
In this talk, I will briefly introduce the tasks and research outcomes achieved by our specialized research lab. Our main areas of focus include: i) Discovery of biomarkers for early detection of biological agents and the establishment of rapid toxicity and efficacy confirmation technologies. ii) Development of wearable sensors and drug delivery systems for effective evaluation of primate models, utilizing non-human primates to gather critical data for future soldier applications. iii) Specialized research efforts encompassing the development of biomarkers and cognitive substances for early detection, establishing mass production systems, constructing human-based modeling systems using stem cells, and creating and assessing wearable sensor systems and detoxification delivery systems.
By accomplishing these objectives, the NGBRL strives to provide early defense technology against biological weapon threats or potential attacks. Additionally, the lab aims to make valuable contributions to the national economy and establish social safety networks that safeguard the well-being of citizens.
Two global trends in maritime industry have emerged in last five years: autonomous vessels and decarbonization. The first emerging technology will impact the maritime sector in the way that will increase the operational efficiency while bringing the cost down significantly. It also has a potential to transform the business itself. At the same time, the global shipping has committed itself to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions dramatically in the next 30 years. Improving the energy efficiency of the shipping and introducing alternative fuels that have zero or significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions are the main keys to achieve the goal. The clear pathway is not set forth yet, but there are emerging technologies developed around these mega-trends.
To navigate through unveiled pathways to the goals, the research and development must be carried out in two tracks in parallel: development and demonstration. Demonstration of the developed technology reveals the challenges that were not foreseen before and provides valuable insights into the feasibility of the solution and the economic investment required for realization of it. It will guide the industry and academia in the right direction of the technologies with the lessons learned. The session aims to introduce the demonstration cases planned or performed in the research or commercial projects in Korea and Europe in the related fields. It will provoke both industries and researchers to discuss the real-world problems in the projects and to share the valuable experiences so that the new development can be performed with less trial and errors. The cases presented should be inspiring to the participants, especially young researchers and students, that they can see actual advances and be encouraged to commit themselves in the future works.
Dynamic power cable is a key component in development of large scale floating offshore wind farm. In order to ensure cost-effective operation of the power able, the configurations of the inter-array and the export cable need to be optimized through hydrodynamic response analysis together with local structural response analysis of the power cable. Failure modes of the power cable from manufacturing, installation, and operation must be identified and simulated properly through both numerical simulations and experimental investigations. This talk will present SINTEF's complete solutions from design, manufacturing, installation, and operation of the dynamic power cables. UFLEX will be introduced as a numerical cross-sectional software for stress and fatigue analysis of the power cable cross-section. JORDAN will be introduced as a simulation tool for loadout operation of the power cable with focus on torsional behavior of the power cable. SIMLA will be demonstrated as an advanced 3D cable laying simulation tool on uneven seabed. RIFLEX/SIMO will be presented as a global response analysis tool for configuration optimization of the inter-array and the export cable. Combination of UFLEX and CONCORDIA will be presented as a unique numerical package for fatigue analysis of helical components of the power cables.
Synchronizing cable responses caused by wave and current in time-domain will be a game-changer in future hydrodynamic analysis of the power cables. SINTEF's has been leading in developing time domain vortex induced vibration methodology both in numerical and experimental aspects. VIVANA in both frequency and time domains will be presented in the end as an innovative methodology for next generation simulation of dynamic offshore wind power cables.
The maritime industry is crucial for global freight transportation but heavily relies on fossil fuels, leading to significant carbon emissions. While exploring zero-emission power sources is important, there is an urgent need for feasible technologies to reduce emissions in the short term. Carbon capture and storage technology provides a potential decarbonization solution for existing fossil fuel-powered ships in the maritime industry. Tankers, bulk carriers, and container vessels, which contribute substantially to the industry's carbon footprint, are prime candidates for implementing CCS.
Among various capture technologies, solvent-based post-combustion capture shows great promise for the maritime sector. However, implementing CCS on ships, regardless of the chosen technology, presents technical, economical, and environmental challenges. In order to assess the feasibility of CCS implementation on both retrofit and new-built ships, factors like ship layout, heat and power balance, fuel consumption, and engine type has been considered.
The shipping sector plays a vital role in global trade, with 80% of the goods being transported via the ocean [1]. Two-stroke marine diesel engines are the most preferred propulsion system in the marine sector because they offer superior fuel economy and high reliability [2]. However, the combustion of fossil fuels in these engines produces harmful emissions [3]. The scavenge air flow process and fuel injection process are the main factors affecting engine performance and exhaust gas emissions. At low engine load, the turbocharger efficiency is reduced, which leads to reduced scavenging efficiency. Enhancing the in-cylinder air flow swirl is important because the diffusion combustion of the injected fuel depends on the mixing rate of the fuel/air mixture[4]. A good cylinder swirl ratio improves airflow stability, which results in a stable engine operation. This study evaluates the effects of the variable-sized scavenge ports on the airflow process inside the engine cylinder using a numerical approach. Simulations were conducted at 25% engine load. The original port height is 122mm, the height was modified to 80, and 100mm, respectively. Simulations were conducted using CONVERGE CFD software and the scavenging processes were evaluated from -260CA before opening the exhaust valve to the top dead center 0CA to analyze the in-cylinder turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), trapped air mass, scavenge air velocity temperature distribution, and the swirl ratio.
As a result, the port height of 100 mm produced promising results. TKE and the trapped air mass were significantly increased by 21% and 9.5%, respectively. The swirl ratio was increased by 30% and the airflow velocity was significantly improved. Decreasing the scavenge port height past 80mm decreases scavenging efficiency, in-cylinder swirl, and the trapped air mass. By reducing the port height at low engine load, higher TKE and swirl can be achieved, which is important for the fuel-air is mixing process. The variable ports should be adjusted to an optimum height to achieve high air flow characteristics and to improve engine performance.
In this study, cold flow analysis of a marine two-stroke engine with variable-sized scavenge ports was analyzed and revealed a significant improvement in the in-cylinder flow characteristics at different port heights. The results of this study will be coupled with the combustion process to analyze the engine performance and exhaust gas emission characteristics in future work
Hydrogen from renewable energy (green hydrogen) or fossil fuel with carbon capture (blue hydrogen) will be a key enabler for decarbonization. Even though the production of hydrogen will be less centralized than fossil fuel, there will still be local imbalance of supply and demand in renewable energy. Such imbalance can be resolved by transportation of liquid hydrogen (LH$_2$) on a large-scale over 50,000m$^3$ per ship over a long distance. Seaborne transportation of liquid hydrogen in bulk imposes several challenges due to its low boiling temperature, low density, low molecular weight, and high flammability in case of leakage. Furthermore, there will be more emphasis on minimizing loss of cargo as the price of hydrogen fuel will be likely to be higher than fossil fuel. Therefore, optimization of the ship design in terms of total cost of ownership is crucial to make the business case viable. In this paper, a design lab framework is presented to evaluate the system model for transportation of hydrogen on a large scale. Design Lab is a framework developed to evaluate the ship performance with realistic operational scenario and ship models that accounts all relevant technical aspects of the vessel. The framework provides an integrated process for the holistic approach to evaluate the system so that the quick iteration of the design process is possible. It allows the designers to explore new ideas easily to arrive at the optimal design and understand the system better. The design study suggests the optimal transit speed of the vessel for the given ship design and the operational profile that minimizes the total cost of ownership.
Recently, many countries and global companies have announced a Net Zero strategy in the context of CO2 emissions and global warming. This strategy calls for reducing emissions and decarbonizing manufacturing industries through the development and integration of clean energy and greener technologies. High-tech economies also struggle with resource scarcity of key materials. To address these issues, the materials recovery and recycling industry must undergo a technological transformation to realise the principles of sustainability and circular economy.
The objective of this session is to have a comprehensive discussion and exchange on scientific discoveries and emerging technologies that enable the sustainable extraction, recovery and processing of inorganic materials in line with the principles of sustainability and circular economy. We welcome various research topics in biomass, recycling, metallurgy, energy conversion and storage materials, and CO2 management from industry and academia. Topics of interest include;
- Advances in pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical recovery of valuable elements from industrial wastes
- Adaptive processes for the recovery and extraction of materials
- Improving energy efficiency in process engineering
- Waste management and recycling
- Waste incineration processes and inorganic materials recovery
- Waste heat recovery and other industrial energy efficient technologies
- Applications of hydrogen or alternative reducing agents
- High-performance and low-cost energy materials
- Emission control, including CO2 capture and storage
The need for comprehensive circular economy solutions has never been as high as today and modern challenges require modern solutions. Newest e-scrap processing plants are engineered to be more local and independent complexes applying state of the art technology with closed loop systems in order to allow them to be efficiently integrated to the surrounding society. In this presentation, some of the key design aspects are discussed along with past experiences from the field of polymetallic secondaries handling.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is widely employed in various disciplines to investigate flow fields, i.g., computing the drag coefficient of a road vehicle [1] or analyzing respiratory flows [2]. However, depending on the complexity of a problem or the desired accuracy, employing CFD simulations can be time consuming and costly. Recently, machine learning (ML) techniques have shown great potential in learning flow patterns [3, 4], predicting flow parameters [5] or fields [6], or controlling flow [7]. In this work, examples for combining CFD and ML for solving problems from environmental and energy
sciences are presented. These examples are based on collaborations between Korean and German universities and research institutes.
In the first example, an ML model is trained with flow data to predict the track and intensity of typhoons [8, 9]. It is explained how different combinations of meteorological and observational training data influence ML-based predictions, and how training improves when including a larger dataset with data from more cyclones from the past. Additionally, it is shown how those predictions can compete with numerical predictions from forecasting centers, while consuming only a fraction of the resources needed to compute the predictions. In the second example, it is shown how incorporating spatio-temporal data from potential wind farm sites can improve the precision of an ML-based wind forecasting model [10]. The wind forecasts can be used to control the yaw angle of a turbine and increase power generation [11]. Furthermore, spatio-temporal correlations of wind data are analyzed to evaluate locations for wind farms. In particular, locations of two existing off-shore wind farms in the USA and the UK are compared to a location for a potential off-shore wind farm in South Korea.
Strong demand for the usage of renewable energy in all industrial sectors has brought attention to fuel-free energy such as solar energy. Hydro and wind power occupy more than two third of the renewable electricity market, but solar power has the highest growth rate among all sustainable energy.
Although Nordic and Baltic countries consume more than half of the energy produced by renewable sources for heating and cooling. Solar power generation is considered inefficient in the far northern hemisphere due to its low photovoltaic power potential.
Nevertheless, solar heating systems integrated into the district heating system can work effectively, especially in summer. Thanks to the versatile system configuration with sophisticated control technology such as model predictive control, ANN, etc., the solar heating model can provide significant flexibility to the thermal network.
The model is based on a laboratory-scale solar energy system consisting of 4 different outdoor solar panels and collectors - PV, PVT, flat panel, and parabolic trough collector. Each solar thermal collector is connected to a heat pump which is powered by the electricity produced from the PV panels. A thermal storage unit and a heat exchanger are installed, and both the thermal system and the electrical system are connected to the thermal network and the electric power grid of the building respectively.
The aim of the study is to evaluate the concept model of a solar thermal energy system with multiple types of solar energy units and the feasibility of the solar energy system in district heating. The study model shows that the solar heating system can provide almost a quarter of the heating demand of the building in summer.
A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an energy device that converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen directly into electrical energy using a single cell composed of an oxide-based anode/electrolyte/cathode. It has the characteristic of operating in the highest temperature range among various existing fuel cells [1].
Many researchers in the field of SOFC are currently focusing their efforts on improving cathodic properties mainly caused by cathode materials to achieve excellent electrochemical properties and enhanced power densities. Specifically, there are concentrations of research on various materials and structures applied to the cathode [2].
In terms of electrical conductivity, the research area of the cathode in SOFC focuses on achieving a minimum electrical conductivity of 100 S/cm or higher when the cathode of a typical solid oxide fuel cell operates within specific temperatures [3,4]. This electrical conductivity is a characteristic measured in the dense microstructure of the solid oxide fuel cell cathode. However, a typical cathode exhibits the characteristics of a porous microstructure to maximize the triple-phase boundary. In other words, there is a conflicting difference between the microstructure of the cathode as measured by electrical conductivity and the microstructure of the cathode used in practical applications. Particularly, the electrical conductivity characteristics that occur in the porous microstructure have not yet been fully elucidated [5].
Therefore, in this study, we compared and analyzed the electrical conductivity characteristics of the dense microstructure and porous microstructure using the core SOFC cathode material of our research group, Co-substituted layered perovskite (SmBa0.5Sr0.5Co2O5+d, hereafter SBSCO) cathode. Specifically, we will present the electrical conductivity characteristics of the porous cathode according to variables such as temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and Pt line positions at this conference.
Carbon neutrality is recognized as a global trend and a direction that all mankind should pursue. In urban buildings, zero-energy buildings are also popular due to energy efficiency for carbon neutrality and the introduction of new and renewable energy. Rooftop smart farm that can be installed on the roof of a building to reduce building energy, secure crop productivity through urban agriculture, secure green space in the building, and enjoy leisure is drawing attention.
Modern buildings still require cooling, heating, and electrical energy, and smart farms also require cooling, heating energy in addition to electrical energy for lighting. In addition, plant growth requires not only oxygen necessary for respiration but also carbon dioxide to help photosynthesis. Combustion systems are sometimes used for carbon dioxide fertilization, but their control is important because high concentrations of harmful exhaust gases not only hinder plant growth but can even lead to plant death. Harmful exhaust gases generated from the combustion system include carbon mono-oxide, unburned hydrocarbon, and Nitrogen Oxide.
A quad-generation system is developed that can supply electric energy, hot water, cold water, and carbon dioxide by using a conventional generator using a gas engine. For safe use in smart farm plants, carbon mono-oxide and nitrogen oxide in exhaust gas have been developed to a level of less than 10 ppm. In terms of energy efficiency, we are aiming for a gas engine quad-generation system with a total efficiency of 94% and a power generation efficiency of 34% or more.
This study will develop a quad-generation system with high power generation efficiency, thermal efficiency, and low harmful exhaust gas level for carbon neutrality, preservation of the atmospheric environment, and stable growth of plants.
Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are emerging technologies that provide a variety of expériences to users with regard to from simply providing complementary information to having them in fully virtual environments. These technologies have been treated as having a huge potential, however, the real implementation of them tended to be pessimistic mostly due to hardware limitations in the past. But, many inventions in CES 2023 proved that technologies for AR and VR had big steps forward to sufficiently show a new generation would become much earlier than many people expected.
For the successful realization of AR and VR, breakthroughs in hardware technologies are critically demanded. It includes not only processors but also display and sensing systems. Display systems are fully charge of what can be visualized to humans, and many devices including liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal-on-silicon (LCos), organic-light-emitting-diode-on-silicon (OLEDoS) and micro LED. Also, sensing systems manage to collect required information from humans for agile responses, and many sensors including RGB, time-of-flight (ToF), touch, and inertial measurement units. Both technologies are very critial to realize AR and VR in terms of the immersiveness.
This session is proposed to share recently emerging technological developments for AR and VR, which are particularly related to display and sensing systems. Through this session, all the participants are expected to be able to understand the current status of hardware developments for AR and VR.
The emergence of image sensors has revolutionized the world of technology. Over the past few decades, significant advancements in image sensor technology have brought about state-of-the-art imagers that have reached the theoretical limits of classical photography. Furthermore, with the evolution of information processing and hardware development, the usage of image sensors has expanded to include visible, near-infrared (NIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) information gathering in addition to traditional color imaging. As a result, the extended capabilities of image sensors have enabled a variety of applications such as autonomous driving, robot vision, and AR/VR.
In contrast to traditional camera applications, AR/VR requires unique modalities to enable users to interact with the surrounding environment properly. To achieve this, various image sensing technologies such as global shutter operation, 3D sensing, and efficient infrared sensing are used to track the environment concerning the location of the user, gaze detection (eye tracking), and hand tracking [1].
This presentation focuses on introducing the different image sensing technologies that enable AR/VR applications. The talk will begin by discussing the requirements of AR/VR applications, followed by an explanation of the basic operation principles of image sensing technologies. Furthermore, emerging novel image sensing technologies will be presented, which would enable further efficient information sensing.
One of the critical components of AR/VR is the ability to track the user's location in real-time accurately. As a result, image sensors need to incorporate global shutter operation, which enables the image sensors to capture images simultaneously, eliminating distortion caused by motion. Additionally, 3D sensing is required to map the user's environment accurately. The technology allows the sensors to perceive depth in the user's environment, which is necessary for proper object recognition. Another critical aspect of AR/VR is gaze detection (eye tracking). Eye tracking allows the image sensor to determine where the user is looking, which is crucial for creating an immersive experience. Infrared sensing technology is used to detect the user's eyes accurately, even in low-light conditions, and provide the necessary information for gaze detection. Finally, hand tracking is essential in AR/VR applications as it allows users to interact with the virtual environment naturally. The image sensors need to incorporate efficient infrared sensing technology to accurately detect and track the user's hands.
In conclusion, the evolution of image sensor technology has enabled the development of AR/VR applications that are immersive, interactive, and efficient. The introduction of global shutter operation, 3D sensing, and efficient infrared sensing technology has expanded the capabilities of image sensors and allowed for the creation of novel image sensing technologies that will enable even further efficient information gathering.
In this paper, a display system with a foveated rendering is proposed to reduce a high data rate for virtual reality (VR) applications. The proposed display system implements an encoding logic and a decoding logic in FPGA and ASIC with OLED-on-silicon (OLEDoS) microdisplay, respectively, by employing the proposed data protocol based on the focal point. A visual field map for the encoding logic in FPGA also enables an efficient real-time operation with respect to merged features and the focal point. The image demonstration of the proposed system showed a successful implementation of the display system for a resolution of 3,000 x 2,720 with 3,500 ppi and 90 Hz frame rate. Moreover, the system demonstrates the achievement of a data compression up to 90% and a 75% reduction of the power consumption for the interface. Therefore, the proposed display system is a proper solution to construct the highly immersive and real-time VR system.
The metaverse platform creates computer-simulated objects in the virtual or real worlds, and it provides a digital environment in which users can interact with them and other users. Technologies for extended reality (XR) interactions allow users to be more immersed in activities in the digital environment and improve their user experiences (UX). First, this talk looks at the latest research on the metaverse and XR. Between 2020 and 2022, a conversational voice bot system (called as POLBOT) for the police's AI-based automated response service to civil complaints was developed as a national R&D project in South Korea. This POLBOT was tested by being connected to the call center system server of the National Police Agency, which has a nationwide communication network. POLBOT is the first successful implementation of an AI call center in which human counselors and AI collaborate to respond to the civil complaints. While a human user and AI are on a call, in POLBOT, it is possible for the human user to request a connection with a human counselor, for the AI to recommend a connection with a counselor, and for the counselor to intervene in the conversation without reconnecting or ending the call. Some of the counselor's activities (e.g., monitoring, counseling) were implemented using XR interactions (i.e., gesture, voice) in the POLBOT. Second, this talk introduces the lessons learned through the case of POLBOT development with XR interactions. In the metaverse, its utilization can be increased by AI technology. In the past, development of data/model-centric AI technologies were taking the lead, but XR interactions are evolving along with the development of interaction-centric AI technologies for the access and activity in the metaverse. Finally, this talk explains the experience-centric AI concept for the next, and how it will contribute to the metaverse service along with XR interaction technologies.
This session seeks to bridge academia and industry, providing an opportunity to explore
collaboration possibilities and share knowledge. It focuses on blockchain, IT security, and AI, which are important topics to research in the current tech landscape. With the rise of digitalization, the need for secure and reliable systems that operate autonomously has increased significantly. The session focuses on applications and use cases in these fields.
We are inviting active members of universities, research groups, startups, enterprises, and institutes from Korea and Europe, who are pushing the boundaries of these fields, to join the conversation.
Our goal is to create a strong network of professionals, foster connections between different stakeholders, and inspire innovative ideas that will shape the future of these fields.
Be it recreation, medicine or the judicial system, state-of-the-art machine-learning (SOTA) methods, colloquially called Artificial Intelligence (AI), permeate our daily lives. Increasingly complex AI systems now conquer new sophisticated tasks on a weekly basis, yet our conceptual understanding of how these SOTA methods work is not keeping pace with their ever-improving abilities [1].
While individual parts of AI systems and their underlying neural networks are well understood, the inner workings of a system trained for a specific task often become opaque, due to the massive complexity of the interplay between internal components. This turns AI systems into “black boxes” which perform their tasks remarkably well, while leaving the question of how any given result was obtained unanswered.
Explainable AI (XAI) aims to address this problem by presenting the user with an easily understood chain of reasoning from the user’s order, through the system’s knowledge and inference, to the resulting behavior [2]. This talk discusses core approaches from the AI and visualization communities to generate explanations, but also to identify what a given AI systems has learned. Based on this, we show how XAI relates to the concepts of fairness, trustworthiness and reliability, to enable the safe use of AI in sensitive applications which might pave the way to an age of digital humanism [3].
In the last few decades, Quantum Computing (QC) has witnessed remarkable progress as an alternative to traditional classical computing thanks to its potential advantages in terms of representational power and computing time. This leads to extending its boundary to Quantum Machine Learning (QML), with the expectation of improving the current Machine Learning (ML) techniques to learn the hidden distribution of the dataset. However, its application on images still remains to be challenging in terms of trainability and efficiency due to the inherent non-convexity of the problem and the large dimensionality of images defined on continuous data space.
In this work, we aim to study the possible quantum algorithms to replace classical ML techniques for the classification and generation of images and explore the potential of QML in the corresponding domain.
As our world undergoes digital transformation, the importance of secure and autonomous systems in emergency response cannot be overstated. The VALKYRIES project, funded by Horizon 2020, is dedicated to enhancing EU disaster resilience by developing a methodology for standardization and certification harmonization. This initiative project utilizes emerging technologies, procedures, and collaboration tools to optimize first aid response coordination during cross-border disasters and major crises in Europe.
The VALKYRIES project seeks to innovate the efficiency and effectiveness of first aid responses through the integration of emerging technologies. These include supportive autonomous units, trusted new generation communication systems, mobile command and control technologies, digitalization of first aid procedures, and the utilization of instrumentation and health support wearable devices.
An important objective of the VALKYRIES project is to analyze existing technological advancements and collaborative opportunities within the first aid response market. Through comprehensive surveys and consultations with key stakeholders, the project aims to establish a baseline for future research and innovation endeavors. Furthermore, the project will propose tentative EU-level roadmaps to guide the adoption of emerging technologies, addressing divergences, overlaps, and end-user requirements.
In this presentation, we will share the research findings of this project, which is scheduled to be completed in September 2023. One outcome of the project is SIGRUN, a comprehensive platform that improves coordination in first aid response. SIGRUN integrates cognitive communications, resource management, and mobile application for emergency rescue activities and operational information. It's important to note that cybersecurity is crucial throughout the entire process, and considering cybersecurity certification from the start is essential to support the commercialization of research results. To achieve this, the project explores cybersecurity certification schemes in Europe and proposes criteria to support the evaluation of emerging technologies. Through these analyses, the results can contribute to improving certification processes, implementing strong cybersecurity measures, and seamlessly integrating emerging technologies into first aid response and disaster management.
A variety of innovative solutions have been recently developed and applied to the maritime industries by the two main drivers: greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and autonomous operation. The former is a top-down driver led by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), classification societies, authorities, and so on. The IMO established an initial strategy to reduce 50% GHG emission from ships until 2050, and the other organizations confirmed similar or more ambitious plans for decarbonization of ship operations. The latter is, on the other hand, a bottom-up driver mainly led by shipping companies. The recent development of digital and automation technologies enables the autonomous operation of vessels, and the shortage of seafarers accelerates the need for unmanned ship operation. Considering the various and wide research areas of GHG reduction and autonomous operation, it is highly needed to establish innovative global cooperation in academia and industry.
The main objective of Innovation session is to share the knowledge and experience in innovative marine applications for GHG reduction and autonomous ship operation of South Korea and Europe. This research interchange is expected to generate a significant synergy effect to enhance and accelerate the development innovative marine solutions, and ultimately, it can contribute to achieve sustainable future shipping.
Self-operating transportation has been around for many years, but lately the speed of development has increased due to technological breakthroughs within several fields. The maritime domain has also become part of this and the aim to have autonomous vessel sailing, in commercial operations is coming closer. Together with the parallel development on land and in the air, the whole transportation sector is in a fundamental change.
A supply chain use transportation in several different modality, waterways, roads railways and oceans all serviced with different transportation systems. For an autonomous system to be cost effective and become competitive with traditional systems it must streamline the whole supply chain. The transportation hubs and transhipment areas used should also be automated and become autonomous.
One upcoming challenge regarding an automated and autonomous logistic transport is the intramodality issue. To maximise benefits of these autonomous transportation units, the transfer of cargo between them must be digitalized and automated. The transhipment hubs should be the centre for autonomous transport units where the systems automatically reallocated the incoming goods to the best suitable transportation unit available. These units will be cost efficient, have low emission and sophisticated surveillance sensors for an automated planning of maintenance.
System should be able to transfer goods from provider to customer without physical interaction by humans, and by this drastically reduce time and cost. Challenges with different automated systems, protocols and software must be solved. A seamless supply chain for the cargo including papers and manifests, is the goal.
A supply chain like this will need an intermodal Remote operating Centre (ROC). This will monitor the whole supply chain, control the flow and intervene if needed. A ROC manned by operators with competence of a multitude of transportation methods, will be able to control not only cargo flow but also movement of people, smart systems will plan all transportation needs, but also have contingency plans ready to be proactive for any upcoming challenges, like emptying a football stadium after a match, lasting longer due to the extra time.
Our research will investigate intermodal automation firstly on the sea-land connections in ports and terminals, with focus on small to medium sized one. We will look at technological challenges and opportunities, with these new systems, but at the same time integrate existing systems like traffic surveillance systems or planning tools. Also, educational changes in traditional professions like maritime, logistic, drivers and storage operators, will be addressed, the future needs the traditional operators with new and updated skills.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is currently discussing regulations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships, leading to expectations of a significant shift towards more environmentally-friendly practices in the maritime sector. In 2018, the IMO announced its initial strategy to reduce GHG emissions from ships by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008, with a revised strategy to be adopted at the 80th MEPC meeting this year. Several member states and the Republic of Korea support achieving net-zero emissions in the shipping sector by 2050. Europe is leading the way in GHG reduction by expanding the EU-ETS shipping sector in 2024 and introducing FuelEU Maritime in 2025. To meet the IMO's GHG reduction target, the use of zero carbon or carbon-neutral fuels is essential, but their introduction currently faces challenges from a Life Cycle Assessment perspective. It will take time to establish mass production and supply systems for these fuels. This presentation analyzes current technology readiness level of alternative fuels such as Methanol and Ammonia, and introduces onboard carbon capture systems (OCCS) as a bridge technology that can work together with the presently commercialized low-carbon fuel propulsion systems. The presenters examine the role and research challenges of OCCS in achieving the IMO’s GHG reduction target.
Recently, various researches are being conducted on the production of green hydrogen, e-ammonia and e-methanol through offshore renewable energy centered on offshore wind power worldwide. In particular, as the challenging goal of 0% ship carbon emissions by 2050 is expected to be adopted at the IMO MEPC 80th meeting, research is underway on the offshore supply chain to effectively supply hydrogen, ammonia and methanol, which are fuels for ships. In this study, KRISO introduce the offshore fixed hydrogen/ammonia production platform for which KRISO has obtained AIP (Approval In Principle) from the classification society(ABS) and offshore e-methanol synthesis process
New and renewable energy is rapidly expanding according to global energy conversion, and in the field of wind power, not only fixed but also floating offshore wind power is being developed. Recently, various floating platforms capable of mounting a 15MW class offshore wind turbine have been developed, and these platforms are being developed as a floating offshore wind farm is promoted in Korea. KRISO has developed a 15MW floating platform suitable for the Korean marine environment and Korean shipyard yard conditions. In addition, green hydrogen development is being promoted to overcome the curtailment of renewable energy, and green hydrogen production facilities that can be mounted on floating offshore wind power platforms are being developed. In this paper, the 15MW floating offshore wind turbine platform and hydrogen production facility developed by KRISO are introduced.
Dialogue with the existing - Revaluations of existed urban and architecture
Unlike other fields of technology, in cities and architecture, technological advancement does not imply
qualitative improvement. Newly created cities and architecture do not necessarily guarantee a quality
of life, but rather, in a city that has been formed for thousands of years, you can see the quality of the
city and learn its continuity. Since modern times, many cities in Europe have been planned and
formed with modern cities and modern architecture, but today we concern about the continuity of
those cities. Furthermore, facing newly emerging global issues such as climate change,
environmental pollution, demographic change, immigration issues and diseases, we are being asked
to set new directions for urban and architectural planning today. This Challenge about new cities and
architecture are not simply a part that can be solved by technological solutions, but rather a part that
needs to be created bit by bit through dialogue with numerous existing things in the city.
In this EKC 2023 session, we would like to focus on various efforts being made in Germany: the
process of restoring cities and architecture from ruins after World War II in 20th century, the problems
of the expansion of satellite cities in big cities in the 70s and its value as the alternatives to housing
shortages today, the new visions for the sustainable development of big cities in the midst of a global
crisis, and the effort to make alternative models for the today’s problem of urban sprawl and
population decline in small cities. These researches and works in Germany are being carried out
through collaboration with experts in various fields of industry and academia. And through this, the
current status of cities and architecture can be explained, and based on that, we could set needful
urban and architectural plans for the future. Through these meaningful endeavors, the city will
accommodate today's diverse needs, solve problems, and maintain its continuity.
This theme focuses on the reconstruction process of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in “Breitscheidplatz”, which was located in the center of West-Berlin. After the World War II, there have been extensive discussion between intellectual regarding the traces of war, namely ruins of urban architectural spaces or fragment of significant buildings in the city.
About the reconstruction of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church also were various opinions from a board of trustees for reconstruction the church, the senate of West Berlin, experts from different fields and the public in Berlin. At the same time new urbanistic demands around “Breitscheidplatz” had to be considered due to changes in urbanistic, political, and economic conditions. Such demands have been incorporated into the reconstruction process of Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church through Egon Eiermann's architectural concept, and as a result, the architectural and historical value of the church continues to be preserved to this day.
This presentation covers 1) the various opinions on the ruins that were commonly present in Germany after the World War II, 2) the discussions surrounding the reconstruction of the church from 1947 to 1956 across different fields, and 3) how these discussions led to the establishment of monument concepts for the fragments, so called "Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church", and 4) furthermore, it will be explained how they ultimately influenced Egon Eiermann's architectural concept.
Munich is expected to continue to grow both now and in the future, and is suffering from a serious housing shortage at the same time as a growing population. The post-war reconstruction work has been closed, and the sites in Munich's residential district have already been almost completely developed and there is a way to solve these problems, once increasing the density of the city. Neuperlach's administrative district was developed largely as a satellite city in the 60s/70s and is now receiving much attention as a good development target to solve the city's problems 50 years later. Four representative types of urban structures were tested in northern Neuperlach areas, and the results showed the potential for urban density more than twice the volume,while harmonizing with the existing urban contexts. Furthermore, by addressing the conflicts between existing and new buildings through architectural design, the proposals of city-structural experiments ahead have been made more powerful. Although this study only showed schematic possibilities, we hope that more concrete and practical discussions and concerns will be made about Neuperlach's potential for urban development by means of this research.
Quo (ante). Urban Qualities in the cities.
A Study on the Diversity of urban Qualities in the cities
Centuriatio
Diversity of urban Qualities in European Cities
Humans have built cities, and many cities have disappeared over the centuries, but many remain. Research on the sustainability of cities today should probably begin with these existing cities. Namely, it is necessary to study what kind of urban Qualities make the city sustainable. Many European cities of today have continuously formed and developed urban spaces and structures through various methods since the ancient Greek and Roman times, and have created their urban Qualities. This was not achieved just through a spontaneous technological development or a impulsively concept, but was formed through the overlapping of numerous efforts and plans for centuries. Centuriatio in ancient Rome, Ideal city planning in the Renaissance, French gardens in the 17th century, transformation to an Industrial city in the 19th century, modern urban planning in the 20th century, and studies on various urban Qualities in the 1960s and 1970s. Through the various planning, research, and experiences, European cities today are pursuing to achieve the diversity of their urban Qualities, which will ensure their sustainability of cities in the Future.
Berlin-Brandenburg 2070
Urban Qualities in the European Metropolis Unlike other big cities in Europe, Berlin, the capital of Germany, was formed from the 14th century, and its essential urban structure and space were formed in the 19th and 20th centuries, in a short period. In particular, the massive expansion of the city with the name Gross-Berlin in 1920 brought it into what it is today. Because the city expanded abruptly without sufficient preparation at that time, it had many problems and possibilities, and such points persist even to this day. In celebration of the 100th anniversary of Gross-Berlin in 2020, a competition was held in Berlin for a proposal for an urban concept for Berlin-Brandenburg in 2070. Through this, various possibilities and urban Qualities of Berlin today were evaluated. Among them, what is particularly noteworthy is that, in conceptualizing of future urban space and structure, not only Berlin, but also the surrounding state of Brandenburg was considered together. It shows well that a sustainability of a city is not a problem only within the city, but must be made in the establishment of a relationship with the environment surrounding it. In addition, the sustainability of the future Berlin and its various urban Qualities were presented through five urban concept proposals selected from the presented proposals: urban development along the railroad line, and green zones in between, which are flowed into the City Centre, various urban boundaries, and clear definitions of urban outlines through the urban blocks, abundant forests and lakes around Berlin, and urban islands in the cities.
Kulturlandschaft as urban Qualities
Urban Qualities in the small European Cities In today's small European cities, various problems such as population decline, urban sprawl and tourist development are being caused. To strengthen their sustainability, Kulturlandschaft (cultural landscape) as an urban Quality should be pursued. As an example I would like to show a project, which was conducted in the RWTH Aachen University, Germany:
Zu Fußen der Villa. The Project for the Art Academy between the City and La Rotonda, Vicenza
The greenhouse effect by carbon footprint has warmed Earth’s surface and caused many problems such as climate changes, elimination of species, agricultural productivity, water shortage, etc. Traditionally, CO2 emission was the inevitable consequence of using cokes or coal to produce steels and alloys from ores. In order to minimize the environmental impact, steel and alloy producers can contribute to lower CO2 generation during their processes. However, transitioning and alternative ways of manufacturing have to be investigated to establish zero-emission processes. In this session, the environmentally friendly production of metals and its applications will be discussed. The proposed topics are as follows:
- Reduction of raw materials to synthesize alloys using H2 or natural gases
- Production of green hydrogen and its application for metallurgy
- Minimizing CO2 emission with carbon capture and storage technologies
- Any other alternative reduction agents such as biofuel and industrial waste
- Additive manufacturing (Metal 3D printing)
- Alloy melting technology by laser, microwave, electric energy, etc
Metallurgical slags and oxidic side streams from steel and non-ferrous metals production are potential sources for recovering valuable metals. Due to large volumes of slags and side streams, it is of economic interest to develop methods to recover the valuable metals from these streams. In copper and nickel smelting, valuable metals such as Cu, Ni and Co, may be either entrained as metal alloy or matte in the slag or as chemically dissolved. Slags can be reduced by various reductants to recover the metals. We have studied how different reductants, such as hydrogen and different biochars, affect the reduction efficiency of nickel smelting slag, copper smelting slag, and iron-rich residue from zinc production. Experiments were performed in lab scale vertical tube furnaces at 1200-1400 °C, and the samples were quenched after experiments and analysed using SEM/EDXA and EPMA. For experiments with biochar, the formation of CO/CO2 was also measured during the experiments. In addition, molten oxide electrolysis was utilized to reduce Fe and Cr from slags at 1600 °C.
Experiments showed that the biochars and hydrogen are efficient in reducing the levels of valuable metals in the slags, and the biochars were more efficient compared to metallurgical cokes, possibly due to higher reactivity. Molten oxide electrolysis was also a potential method to clean the slags, but however, there are several challenges associated to that approach, such as material stability issues.
Overall, the use of non-fossil reductants in pyrometallurgical processing of side streams and slags is a promising way to recover more metals and produce clean slags that can be used as different products.
The 1.5 °C target is the goal of the Paris Agreement, which calls for countries to take concerted climate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to limit global warming. For the global warming to stay below 1.5 °C, the world needs to transform to zero emissions by 2050. Reaching this global climate target requires significant decrease in CO2 emissions by increasing the use of renewable energy sources and production efficiencies [1,2]. Energy transition requires large investments into renewable energy generation, downstream power emissions, battery technologies and electric vehicles. Increased and environmentally friendly production of metals such as copper, nickel and lithium are essential to enable the transition [2].
Metso offers sustainable technologies that support its customers’ energy transition plans. As a leading supplier of equipment and services and given how energy intensive rock comminution and processing is, Metso's approach to technology and innovation really matters. Central to Metso's sustainability efforts is the "Planet Positive" offering. These products are more energy and/or water efficient than the benchmark technologies. In addition, Metso's target is to reduce its own CO2 emissions to reach net-zero by 2030 [2].
Non-metallic inclusions play an important role in determining the quality of steel products; Thus there have been various researches done in order to study such inclusions. Adequate knowledge about the behavior of nonmetallic inclusions in molten steel and during the solidification stage bas been discovered. However, the effect of non-metallic inclusions on the quality of steel products is determined by its state in the final products after various thermal and mechanical treatments as well as steel making and casting processes. In many cases, the shape and composition of the non-metallic inclusion in the final product would not be able to be prospected from that in the cast sample. Hence, the knowledge on the behavior of steel after solidification is poor as it is an interdisciplinary area between the research field of steelmaking and forming, processing and thermomechanical treatment.
Therefore, in this study, we first investigated the composition of the oxide equilibrated with the molten steel deoxidized by Mn-Si. Based on the results obtained, we determined the initial compositions of bulk oxide and solid steel for the diffusion couple experiment. In the present study, a diffusion couple consisting of the thick bulk oxide and solid alloy deoxidized by Mn-Si was made to simulate the reaction at the interface between oxide inclusion and solid steel in actual process.
Firstly, the oxide composition equilibrated with the molten alloy deoxidized by Mn-Si was investigated to determine composition of bulk oxide and alloy for the diffusion couple experiment. Using this experiment and thermodynamic calculation, it is confirmed that the equilibrium oxide with steel deoxidized by Mn and Si is not a binary oxide of MnO-SiO2, but the ternary oxide of Mn-SiO2-FeO. The equilibrium composition of alloy and slag observed in the experiment correspond approximately with result of thermodynamic calculation.
Secondly, the diffusion couple method was used to understand the solid-state reaction between the Fe-Mn-Si alloy and MnO-SiO2 oxide. The counter diffusion has occurred between Mn and Si in the oxide without FeO and Fe in the alloy. This result indicates the inclusion of manganese silicate after deoxidized Mn and Si is not a binary compound of MnO, SiO2 but a ternary compound of MnO, SiO2 and FeO at high temperature condition.
In the domestic metal powder manufacturing industry, there is an ongoing effort to promote the transition to the next-generation smart factory by the digitization of tacit knowledge using artificial intelligence (AI). This successful initiative enables one company to become global competitiveness in high-efficiency metal powder production. Although the previous AI-based works in our laboratory predicted the powder dimension (D50) with a reliability of over 95% in the various inputs and results, the control over target size on-demand still requires the labor-intensive skills and intuitions in diverse situation.
In this study, we experimentally and theoretically suggested that the particle size and the dispersion of metal powder can be controlled through the molten metal level in crucible of a gas atomization system.
1. First, the theoretical analysis was conducted using the Lubanska’s Equation, which predicted the median particle size (D50) of metal powder scaling as D50 ~ (QM)^0.5 ~ (PM)^1/4~ (h)^0.25 ,where D50 is the median of the produced metal particle, QM is the flow velocity of the molten metal, PM is the molten metal pressure in crucible ground and h is the molten metal level in crucible)
2. During the metal powder production in our system, where the tundish is fixed, the metal powder dimension and the dispersion showed the increasement depending on the molten metal level.
3. Based on the above evidences, we introduced a programmable induction dish, which can maintain the molten metal level in tundish by angular control. In lab-scale approach, a silicon oil (0.65cs), which viscosity was similar to ferrosilicon alloys in the temperature of 1500F, was chosen for pre-experimental system. This experiment clarified not only for the viscous flows by the delivery tube from tundish, but also for the droplet formation, which represents the metal powder, in gas atomization system. Using high-speed camera (~10,000fps) in 768mm X 528mm optical area, the clear images of droplets were captured the experimental relationship between the molten metal level and the diameters in the end.
This experimental and theoretical research would pave the way not only for the customer-demand powder dimension in high quality, but also for the cost-effective and the profitable powder production in the relative industry.
Evolution in IC (Integrated Circuit) packaging technology has been driven by the need for higher speed and higher density devices enabling smaller form factor and lower power consumption. For example, HBM (High Bandwidth Memory) has been developed by stacking memory die based on TSV (Through Silicon Vias) and stacking with micro-bump bonding in order to achieve higher bandwidth and thus lower power consumption. Furthermore, R&D effort and business drivers to speed up the development and application of “More than Moore” that are based upon or derived from silicon technologies but do not scale with Moore’s law (with typical examples as RF, Power/HV, Sensor/Actuator/MEMS,
SiP, SSL, etc.). Therefore, micro and nanosystems attracts more and more interests For a realization of more-moore or more-than-moore. This session will reveals the recent research trends and opportunities of micro and nano systems for future more-than-moore era.
Advanced fabrication technologies enable breakthroughs in electronic devices including biomedical applications and energy devices.[1-3] Emerging technologies include digitally-driven additive manufacturing which have demonstrated excellent capabilities in patterning-free low cost processes.
In this talk, a novel digitally driven direct-write method will be described and how this technology can promote advances in photovoltaic devices and medical soft robots. This field-compatible extrusion-based process is highly effective in facile materials formation and also suitable for extra alterations such as printing in a supporting medium. Therefore, the new method empowers and expands the capability for desirable in-situ chemical modifications and synthesis.
Firstly, the utilisation of this new approach will be demonstrated via the newly developed microscale medical tentacles printed in a supporting medium which is cost-effective, biocompatible, sustainable. The new printing environment offers exceptional rheological properties to maintain the desirable cross-section of the printed devices along the length. After this introduction, the development of functional nanomesh by this technology will follow. Integrated with an on-demand external field, the fabrication platform is also capable of large-area nano-fabrication and allows in-situ manipulation of material composites which is highly demanding in the fabrication of large-area nanomesh electrodes for photovoltaics. Along with the methodology, stabilizing nanomaterial surfaces, a critical issue for the stability of electronic devices, will also be described. For both applications, the latest device performance investigation and operation will follow, in conjunction with computational modeling and practical demonstration.
Artificial intelligence (AI) brings about significant advancements in various research areas such as visual perception, natural language processing, and autonomous vehicles. The traditional von Neumann computing architecture, which separates processing and memory units, is facing limitations due to the increasing data transfer requirements in AI applications. The fundamental operations of artificial intelligence (AI) implemented with embedded neural networks consist of multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations [1]. However, performing high-capacity MAC operations in a small space while maintaining energy efficiency remains a challenge. Processing-in-Memory (PIM) integrating memory and processing elements allows calculations to be performed at the same location without the need for data movement and improves the energy efficiency of memory-based computing systems by minimizing data movement and reducing latency [2]. PIM computing system based on resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) crossbar arrays (CBA) can be reconfigurable and potentially perform parallel and general computing tasks [3]. The use of ReRAM-based PIM is increasingly attractive for energy-efficient accelerators in edge computing, where primary power sources are batteries or energy-harvesting devices. Specifically, edge computing devices have limited data processing needs and spend most of their time in standby mode. Compared to other non-volatile memories, moreover, ReRAM CBA has the advantage of achieving high capacity since the structure can be implemented as a three-dimensional memory, allowing for the minimization of the unit cell area to 4F^2 and the stacking of multiple layers [4]. This makes ReRAM-based PIM with moderate performance a favorable option for edge computing. However, a challenge in the crossbar structure is the presence of sneak currents that can occur from neighboring cells [5]. A self-rectifying ReRAM (SR-ReRAM) resolves the sneak leakage problem and reduces the power consumption in the CBA [6]. This paper proposes a circuit-compatible model that mimics the physical operations of the SR-ReRAM. The model is based on the behavior of voltage-controlled, bipolar memristors that exhibit diode-like rectification behavior when reverse-biased. The embedded bias scheme is also proposed for the SR-ReRAM CBA to reduce the sneak current more and improve CBA current read margin. The proposed compact model is implemented in Verilog-A and shows a DC operation error of 1.25% and an AC operation error of 2.43% at the read operation voltage. The SR-ReRAM has an asymmetric I-V characteristic and effectively blocks the sneak current flowing from bit line to word line. The embedded bias applies different voltages to the selected and unselected cells and reduces the sneak current by 1/200 compared to SR-ReRAM-only CBA.
We propose MEMS antenna with user hand grip sensing functionality for 5G mmWave phased antenna system. The device is called “SENTENNA” which stands for SENsor and anTENNA. The SENTENNA is fabricated on two glass substrates. The top metal patch fabricated on the glass acts as a radiation patch of antenna and an electrode of capacitance sensing simultaneously. The proximity-coupled microstrip patch antenna is designed and fabricated to operate at 28 GHz and capacitance variation on the patch is measured at 1 MHz. The performance of the designed SENTENNA is evaluated by HFSS and experimental.
This session seeks to bridge academia and industry, providing an opportunity to explore
collaboration possibilities and share knowledge. It focuses on blockchain, IT security, and AI, which are important topics to research in the current tech landscape. With the rise of digitalization, the need for secure and reliable systems that operate autonomously has increased significantly. The session focuses on applications and use cases in these fields.
We are inviting active members of universities, research groups, startups, enterprises, and institutes from Korea and Europe, who are pushing the boundaries of these fields, to join the conversation.
Our goal is to create a strong network of professionals, foster connections between different stakeholders, and inspire innovative ideas that will shape the future of these fields.
This session seeks to bridge academia and industry, providing an opportunity to explore
collaboration possibilities and share knowledge. It focuses on blockchain, IT security, and AI, which are important topics to research in the current tech landscape. With the rise of digitalization, the need for secure and reliable systems that operate autonomously has increased significantly. The session focuses on applications and use cases in these fields.
We are inviting active members of universities, research groups, startups, enterprises, and institutes from Korea and Europe, who are pushing the boundaries of these fields, to join the conversation.
Our goal is to create a strong network of professionals, foster connections between different stakeholders, and inspire innovative ideas that will shape the future of these fields.
This session will showcase cutting-edge research in the fields of rare disease genetics, cancer biology, and bioinformatics. The first presentation will focus on deciphering complex structural variations in rare diseases, highlighting the use of advanced genomic techniques to identify disease-causing mutations. The second presentation will discuss the identification and validation of new drug target candidates for SOX2-associated squamous cell lung cancer, highlighting the potential for precision medicine in cancer treatment. The third presentation will explore the use of spatial omics to better understand the tumour microenvironment in uveal melanoma, revealing novel insights into tumour biology and potential therapeutic targets. The final presentation will introduce bio data research and analysis platforms in KISTI, showcasing their capabilities and real-world applications. Overall, this session will provide attendees with a comprehensive overview of innovative approaches to understanding disease and developing new treatments.
The clinical relevance of de novo structural variations (dnSVs) has become manifest, but dnSVs are often overlooked during routine genetic screening. To comprehensively assess their rate, characteristics, and clinical relevance, we analysed the whole-genome-sequencing data of 12,575 families with 13,703 probands with rare genetic diseases in the U.K. 100,000 Genomes Project. We identified 1,970 dnSVs where 12% of the probands have at least one SV. We observed a statistically significant association between parental age and the rate of dnSVs, in line with 67.7% of the phasable dnSVs arising from paternal gemmate. Surprisingly, we identified 156 complex dnSVs where 20% of them are potentially disease-causing variants. Our study highlights the importance of including dnSVs in rare disease genomic testing.
The global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 necessitates the rapid development of new therapies against COVID-19 infection. Here, we present the identification of 200 approved drugs, appropriate for repurposing against COVID-19. We constructed a SARS-CoV-2-induced protein (SIP) network, based on disease signatures defined by COVID-19 multi-omic datasets, and cross-examined these pathways against approved drugs. This analysis identified 200 drugs predicted to target SARS-CoV-2-induced pathways, 40 of which are already in COVID-19 clinical trials testifying to the validity of the approach. Using artificial neural network analysis we classified these 200 drugs into 9 distinct pathways, within two overarching mechanisms of action (MoAs): viral replication (130) and immune response (70). A subset of drugs implicated in viral replication were tested in cellular assays and two (Proguanil and Sulfasalazine) were shown to inhibit replication. This unbiased and validated analysis opens new avenues for the rapid repurposing of approved drugs into clinical trials.
spatialUM proposes to generate valuable sequencing data in relatively neglected rare cancer and further develop methods that integrate spatial omics data with computer vision/AI and molecular analysis to identify targets for cancer using a combination of single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (STx) data. The project will be initially applied to a well-defined and systematically curated group of patients with uveal melanoma (UM), a rare form of eye cancer that has poor outcomes. The goal is to produce cutting-edge spatial omics dataset from UM patients enrolled in Liverpool and Moorfields/Barts [NHS] cohorts then subsequently study localisation of specific cell types and tumor sub-clones, and the dynamics of intra-tumour cellular interactions within tumor micro-environment.
Additionally, the study primarily aims to decompose intra-tumoural heterogeneity in primary and matching metastases and investigate its cellular communications, and to define clinically relevant and novel biomarkers to increase the efficacy of diagnoses and therapeutic interventions in the UK National Health Service (NHS). UM specimens, matching primary tumor, liver metastases and liquid biopsises, have been currently collected from over 50 patients and a proof-of-concept data generation and analyses are performed on 7 cases. We identified accurate localisation of specific cell types in situ and further observed high tumor clonal heterogeniety in mathcing liver metastases. Moreover, previously unreported receptor-ligand pairs have been identified on tumor margins of pilot cases. Later phase, spatialUM will also focus on developing a UM-specific gene panel to increase the efficacy of diagnosis and treatment of uveal melanoma, utilising UM patient-driven cell lines and organoids.
This research has been conducted through strong collaboration with world leading groups in EMBL-EBI and Sanger Institute to develop in-house pipeline for spatial omics dataset and robust statistical model for efficient stratification and therapetuic intervention decision of UM patients from the collected data.
The current R&D trends in the field of biotechnology are receiving attention for the use of artificial intelligence (AI). The government is promoting the digital transformation of the biotechnology industry through its Digital Bio-Innovation Strategy, with the aim of driving innovation in all industries based on the biotechnology industry. Efforts are being made to create and provide infrastructure and research environments to promote AI and data-based biotechnology research nationwide, and to foster and utilize a digital platform-based bio-research ecosystem. In this presentation, we introduce two digital bio platforms provided by the government: the Korea Bio Data Station (K-BDS) and the National Project of Bio Big Data, and present the data-based research environment that can be utilized through these two platforms. We will introduce the data analysis infrastructure that can be used for data-based research including machine learning and data analysis in K-BDS and the ongoing research projects. Additionally, we will introduce the data produced and collected through pilot projects in the National Bio Big Data Construction Project, and ways to utilize this data.
Massive growth in global GDP brings big opportunities to the marine industry, and world trade continues to rise in conformity with economic expansion. Growth in the world economy also results in concern for environmental impact due to marine activities. New environmental regulations are some of the greatest challenges that all marine sectors will face in the forthcoming years.
To make our challenges feasible, enhancing maritime safety should be a high priority always. The activities, in seas and the oceans, are perhaps one of the most dangerous and the most international of all the world's great industries. The coming years are crucial in finding sustainable and commercial solutions that enable us to have safer carbon-neutral vessels for the future. The shipping industry faces an uncertain future, nevertheless, there will be many opportunities. Advances in technology will be the keys to meeting the growing demand, therefore innovative cooperation between academia and industry is significant to achieve our goals.
The Safety session aims to review current state-of-the-art technology and international maritime regulations as well as discuss future development and technology industrialisation with participants from Europe and South Korea. In addition, the session provides opportunities for attendees to find collaboration partners working in the fields.
Massive growth in global GDP brings big opportunities to the marine industry, and world trade continues to rise in conformity with economic expansion. Maritime is at a historic crossroads on the way towards digitalisation, while also facing major sustainability and decarbonisation changes. Growth in the world economy results in concern for environmental impact due to marine activities. New environmental regulations are some of the greatest challenges that all marine sectors will face in the forthcoming years.
To make our challenges feasible, enhancing maritime safety should be a high priority always. The activities, in seas and the oceans, are perhaps one of the most dangerous and the most international of all the world's great industries. The coming years are crucial in finding sustainable and commercial solutions that enable us to have safer carbon-neutral vessels for the future. The shipping industry faces an uncertain future, nevertheless, there will be many opportunities. Advances in technology will be the keys to meeting the growing demand, therefore innovative cooperation between academia and industry is significant to achieve our goals.
Hydrogen is a promising alternative fuel for marine applications with the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen, whether in gaseous or liquid form, presents unique properties that require careful consideration for marine environments. The flammability and fast dispersion of gaseous hydrogen pose challenges for detection and suppression of combustion on marine vessels. Liquid hydrogen's low temperature and high expansion ratio necessitate specialized design to ensure safe containment and minimize heat transfer. This key design challenges and considerations associated with hydrogen and vacuum systems in the context of liquid hydrogen applications. This conference submission presents an overview of the key design challenges and considerations including material selection, fuel containment, component compatibility, piping and layout considerations, and vacuum level requirements for liquid hydrogen systems. These insights contribute to the development of efficient and safe liquid hydrogen systems for marine applications, facilitating the adoption of hydrogen as a sustainable energy source in the maritime industry.
As decarbonization has become an important issue, traditional marine fuel is being replaced with cryogenic liquids, such as LNG, LPG, and LH2. Cryogenic liquids inevitably generate boil-off gas (BOG) due to the heat caused by a significant temperature difference from the atmosphere, which increases the internal pressure. Hence, BOG handling equipment is required to manage the BOG and maintain the design pressure during operation, and it is important to expect the pressure increase precisely to design the equipment.
Various types of tanks are used for storing cryogenic liquids, such as membrane-type tanks for LNG carriers, and Type-C and Type-B tanks for LNG/LPG fuel tanks. In the case of LH2 carriers, which are currently under development, research is underway to use Type-C and membrane tanks. Each tank has a different shape and internal support, which affects the flow inside the tank during the voyage.
The flow inside the tank is known to impact not only the pressure on the tank walls but also the evaporation of the cryogenic fluid. Therefore, to accurately predict the pressure change during tank operation, it is necessary to consider the effects of the internal supports, which vary according to the tank type.
This study analyses pressure changes by predicting phase changes in tanks while considering the effects of the internal support for the safety design of tanks. Specifically, the characteristics of pressure changes in tanks were predicted during laden and ballast voyages while transporting cryogenic fluids, considering the change of operating conditions due to the environment.
The safety analysis in maritime industry relies on well-known and established methods. The guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) by IMO recommends using failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA), hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), fault tree analysis (FTA), event tree analysis (ETA), and so on. The guidelines for the risk analysis of autonomous ships by the Norwegian Maritime Authority (NMA) and Det Norske Veritas (DNV) also suggests using similar traditional techniques, like hazard identification (HAZID), FMEA, FTA, ETA, and so on. However, there have been arguments that it may not be suitable or not efficient to apply these traditional methods to modern complex and software intensive marine systems. One of the most new and emerging methods for safety analysis of complex modern systems is the System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA). STPA is widely used in various sectors and domains, like aviation, automobile, cybersecurity, medical devices, aerospace, and so on, but there are not many applications in the maritime industry yet. The objective of this study is to discuss advantages and limitations of this new method for maritime industry. For this purpose, we have applied both traditional safety analysis methods and STPA to two marine vessels (autonomous ferry and battery ferry). After the thorough comparison and analysis of the results from different methods, we have concluded that each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and it is recommended to use them complementary for safer marine systems.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by the 'Development of Autonomous Ship Technology (20200615)' funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF, Korea).
Due to demographic development, South Korea and many European countries face a shortfall of skilled workforce in STEM areas. In the STEM area, very few women are studying and working. Encouraging women to study and work in STEM will be one solution to increase the skilled workforce and fill the shortage of science and technology manpower in this area. To recruit more women to STEM and improve the retention rate of women, the policies, systems, programs, and workplace culture need to be supported.
EKC 2023 (it is also the 50th anniversary of VeKNI, and the 1st anniversary of VeKNI women) in Munich is a great opportunity to discuss the contributions of women in STEM to industry and society, their allyship at work, and their roles in the Industry 4.0/5.0 era.
The goal of this session is: To share the experience that was helpful at each stage of career formation in the growth process of Korean-European women scientists and engineers of various generations, countries, genders, and cultures, and compare them by country. Based on that, to get some orientation for personal, social, political, and structural, and support.
Expected Performance is: Compare and benchmark the differences or commonalities between Europe and Korea in policy and institutional support supported from the perspective of life cycle or growth stage and utilize them
Session Block 1 –Chair – Dr. Seonhi Ro
Introduction - Opening Ceremony & Introduction - 15 min.
KOFWST: Prof. Mihye Kim
EKWSEA: Dr. Hyong Sil Cho
VeKNI e.V. Woman : Dr. Seonhi Ro
Having pursued my studies in the United States twenty years ago, I enthusiastically began my career as a professor in Korea. However, during my 10 years of living in the United States as a Korean, I did not deeply contemplate the issues surrounding minority communities, whereas in my career as a professor in Korea, I found myself earnestly concerned about these matters.
Through this presentation, I aim to reflect on the conflicts and hardships experienced by women in their quest to become leaders, from their early stages as emerging professionals. Moreover, . I wish to contemplate the essence required to build a society where inclusivity and allyship align. I hope this talk provides an opportunity for open dialogue and shared experiences among career women, including myself.
Some say that life is like a movie. Some will make great hero movies, some great human dramas, some great road movies, some of other genre.
In making our lives into movies, we all face moments of calling decisions. There is no absolute criteria to judge a decision good or bad, but I would like take good influence power to people and our environments a criteria. Although it sound old-fashioned, I believe that this is a timeless value that brings longer success, prosperity and happiness.
With the criteria for decision making, knowledge about one's situations and larger environment and about oneself (capacities, tastes, limits, etc.), and feeling for one's purposes or values are great tools to lead one's life. In this talk, the following topics will be presented:
- How to identify one's own values;
- Pain is a signal;
- Lack is the mother of great ideas and great values;
- People are important--Give and Take;
- Working in an organization--responsibilities and rights;
- Strong is beautiful--keeping your values in life.
Panel discussion: Challenges in the Career & How to Overcome Them - 45 min.
Discussion chair - Prof. Mihye Kim
- Mi-Hyun Park, Ph. D. student at Technical Univ. of Munich
- Dr. Suhyun Cha , HAWE hydraulik “ in Germany
- Dr. Seonhi Ro, Ford, Germany
- Prof. Jacob Lee, Hallym Univ.
- Sooyoung Chang, Postech
Between the issues of natural resources depletion and needs of sustainable municipal waste and wastewater management, the production of biogas from organic waste (including wastewater treatment byproduct) via anaerobic digestion (AD) fits perfectly into the circular economy.
The objective of AD is above all the treatment of organic wastes, avoiding their incineration or storage. The biogas is a gaseous by-product while the digestate is the liquid or solid fraction recovered. The latter can be used as an agricultural amendment. Biogasification allows the development of a local industry and the production of energy within the territories in a delocalized way. Another advantage is that the energy production is continuous, unlike other renewable energies (e.g. photovoltaic or wind power). Moreover, biogas can be used for different purposes: fuel for boilers or engines, fuel for different types of vehicles, domestic use as a replacement for natural gas, etc.
In France, biogas is part of the energy transition and participates in the objectives set by the law of energy transition for a green growth published in the Official Journal on August 18, 2015. This law sets as objectives the reduction of greenhouse gases by 40% between 1990 and 2030, the reduction of primary energy consumption of fossil fuels by 30% in 2030 compared to 2012 and increasing the share of renewable energies to 23% of gross final energy consumption in 2020 and 32% in 2030.
Despite the environmentally benign aspect of AD technology, in Korea, it was not considered as the central treatment method for organic wastes until 2020. However, to meet with the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target, there is a huge support driven by legally and economically for the construction of new biogas plant and its efficient operation. Meanwhile, many AD technologies have been developed taking into account feedstocks, microbial stimulations, and process modifications.
In this session, presentations will focus on work on the current development of anaerobic digestion systems for the treatment of municipal organic waste and wastewater, as well as on the treatment of the biogas produced. Discussions between the different speakers will be useful to compare the current situation in South Korea and France (extendable to Europe).
With the tremendous increase of hydrogen production via water electrolysis technology, the development of a recycling process for valuable raw materials is emerging as an important issue for a functional circular economy. Since the size range of the active materials used in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers is well below 100 µm, the development of mechanical separation technologies has not been well established. Conventional mechanical separation processes, such as flotation, are not effective for particles in the submicron scale. According to previous investigations, each material on both electrodes shows a contrast in surface properties in terms of (de)wett(ing)ability. For this study, pure particle fractions of carbon black and titanium oxide are used as representative materials.
Oil agglomeration is one of the widespread technologies to recover hydrophobic particles. As reported by Kim Van Netten in 2017, the separation of fine coal particles from a suspension was achieved by developing hydrophobic binder comprising only 5 % of organic liquid. In this study, this novel organic emulsion system is applied to separate ultra-fine carbon black particles selectively from the particle mixture and to assess the functionality of the emulsion to develop a process for PEM recycling. The degree of particle agglomeration was determined depending on the agitation time and single dosage of the hydrophobic binder. Furthermore, the impact of the hydrophobic binder on the process of separating particles by flotation is investigated. The experimental results are compared with those of a typical reagent e.g. Kerosene (Escaid 110). In contrast to the economic advantages of hydrophobic binder in the paper from Kim Van Netten, in our study, there was no significant difference in effectiveness between binder and kerosene.
Many WWTPs utilize anaerobic digestion (AD) for primary sludge and secondary sludge because of their efficiency in reducing sludge and recovering energy from it. It is challenging to liberate biodegradable carbohydrates and organic compounds from secondary sludge due to the presence of sludge cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (Bougrier et al., 2005). A lower biodegradability than primary sludge makes secondary sludge more difficult to employ in AD, which makes it less suitable for this use (Mottet et al., 2010). This has a considerable negative influence on the efficacy of sludge reduction in addition to energy recovery from secondary sludge in AD systems.
The disintegration of sludge particles is a popular method for increasing the biodegradability of secondary sludge components. Alkaline pretreatment is commonly coupled with thermal treatment because the combined treatment can minimize the amount of alkali and energy required (Shehu et al., 2012). A co-operative impact of thermal-alkaline pretreatment on sludge degradability has been documented in several investigations (Kim et al., 2003; Valo et al., 2004). In this investigation, the biodegradability enhancement of secondary sludge with alkaline-thermal pretreatment was investigated with the BMP test. The use of alkaline-thermal pretreatment resulted in successful degradation of secondary sludge and increased CH4 generation from the waste. Amid the different temperatures (60–140 degrees Celsius) and pH values (6.9–12), a modest temperature of 60 degrees Celsius and a pH of 10 produced the greatest economic gain while also producing the most CH4. The highest CH4 yield of 215.6 mL/g COD was attained by using secondary sludge which is pretreated at 60 °C and pH 10 for 24 h. Furthermore, a maximum solubilization rate of 58.7% was achieved after alkaline-thermal pretreatment. And LB-EPS of pretreated sludge was significantly increased compared to untreated sludge. Alkaline-thermal pretreatment increased both SCOD and LB-EPS by sludge disintegration.
Therefore, the mild alkaline-thermal pretreatment of sludge would be beneficial in terms of improving the digesting performance and economic benefit of the process.
Waste valorization is mandatory to develop and consolidate a circular bioeconomy. It is necessary to search for appropriate processes to add value to different wastes by utilizing them as feedstocks to provide energy,chemicals, and materials. For instance, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an alternative thermochemical process that has been suggested for waste valorization aiming at hydrochar production. Thus, this study proposed the Co-HTC of pine residual sawdust (PRS) with non-dewatered sewage sludge (SS) – two wastes largely produced in sawmills and wastewater treatment plants, respectively – without adding extra water. The influence of temperature (180, 215, and 250 ◦C), reaction time (1, 2, and 3 h), and PRS/SS mass ratio (1/30, 1/20, and 1/10) on the yield and characteristics of the hydrochar were evaluated. The hydrochars obtained at 250 ◦C had the best coalification degree, showing the highest fuel ratio, high heating value (HHV), surface area, and N, P, and K retention, although presenting the lowest yields. Conversely, hydrochar functional groups were generally reduced by increasing Co-HTC temperatures. Regarding the Co-HTC effluent, it presented acidic pH (3.66–4.39) and high COD values (6.2–17.3 g⋅L 1). In general, this new approach could be a promising alternative to conventional HTC, in which a high amount of extra water is required. Besides, the Co-HTC process can be an option for managing lignocellulosic wastes and sewage sludges while producing hydrochar. This carbonaceous material
has the potential for several applications, and its production is a step towards a circular bioeconomy.
Evolution in IC (Integrated Circuit) packaging technology has been driven by the need for higher speed and higher density devices enabling smaller form factor and lower power consumption. For example, HBM (High Bandwidth Memory) has been developed by stacking memory die based on TSV (Through Silicon Vias) and stacking with micro-bump bonding in order to achieve higher bandwidth and thus lower power consumption. Furthermore, R&D effort and business drivers to speed up the development and application of “More than Moore” that are based upon or derived from silicon technologies but do not scale with Moore’s law (with typical examples as RF, Power/HV, Sensor/Actuator/MEMS,
SiP, SSL, etc.). Therefore, micro and nanosystems attracts more and more interests For a realization of more-moore or more-than-moore. This session will reveals the recent research trends and opportunities of micro and nano systems for future more-than-moore era.
Micro-composites comprising conductive fillers dispersed within polymer matrices have been attracting attention as a versatile stretchable electrode material in the wearable sensor field (1). PDMS and MWCNT show great potential as the fundamental materials for stretchable electrodes, especially in operating environments that are subjected to cyclic loads (2). This work aims to examine the mechanical and electrical responses of PDMS/MWCNT micro-composite (PMMC) films under monotonic and cyclic tensile loading conditions by observing changes in stress and resistance values. The correlation was analysed between MWCNT specimens with mass fractions of 3, 4, and 5-wt% and the material properties, including UTS, elastic modulus, and electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the material coefficients were determined for four hyperelastic models (Neo-Hookean, Mooney-Rivlin, 3rd-order Ogden, and Yeoh). The simulation results, based on the material coefficients, demonstrated that the 3rd-order Ogden model most closely resembled the actual mechanical behaviour of the specimens. This research makes contributions to understanding the mechanical and electrical behaviours of PMMC films for monotonic and cyclic loadings. Accurate material properties and hyperelastic material coefficients have been found. These may be used to evaluate the structural integrity of PMMC films by finite element analysis.
The necessity of managing stress levels is becoming increasingly apparent as the world suffers from different kinds of stress including the extent of pandemic, the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cortisol, a clinically confirmed stress hormone related to depression and anxiety, affects individual mentally and physically. However, current cortisol monitoring methods require expert personnel, large and complex machines and long time for data analysis. Here, we present a flexible and wearable cortisol aptasensor for simple and rapid cortisol real-time monitoring. The sensing channel was produced by electrospinning conducting polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers (NFs) and the subsequent vapor deposition of carboxylated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The conjugation of cortisol aptamer on the PEDOT-PAN NFs provided the critical sensing mechanism for the target molecule. The sensing test was performed with a liquid-ion gated field-effect transistor (FET) on a polyester (PET). The sensor performance showed a detection limit of 10 pM (< 5 s) and high selectivity in the presence of interference materials at 100 times higher concentrations. The practical usage and real-time monitoring of the cortisol aptasensor with a liquid-ion gated FET system was demonstrated by successful transfer to swab and skin. In addition, the real-time monitoring of actual sweat by applying the cortisol aptasensor was also successful since the aptasensor was able to detect cortisol approximately 1 nM from actual sweat in few minutes. This wearable biosensor platform supports the possibility of further application and on-site monitoring for changes of other numerous biomarkers.
This talk will cover wireless sensor node and low-cost wearable wireless sensing technology for gas detection. Sensor designs use electromagnetic waves for detection, involving microwaves and optical technology. Sensor heads are fabricated using nanotechnology. Full prototype integration, sensor head design and results will be described. Microwave sensor design and implementation for dielectric material identification will also be covered.
Round Table Discussion: Allyship and related cases - 30 min.
- Prof. Ji-Yeoun Lee, Eulji Univ.
- Prof. Young Sook Lee , Dongkuk Univ.
- Prof. Bong Hee Kang, Chungbuk National Univ.
- Prof. Kyoung Soon Hwang, Chungbuk National Univ.
Panel discussion - 30 min.
Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DE&I) has become a "must-implement" strategy for boosting innovation and creativity, market competitiveness. In spite of all the initiatives to promote DE&I, males outnumber women in STEM fields in both Europe and Korea, and gender bias and male-dominant cultures still exist in the workplace.
Until now, many mentoring programs have required additional efforts from the socially disadvantaged. (For example, a woman must put in 150 percent of her effort to survive in the workplace. etc.) On the other hand, efforts to change the privileged have been relatively neglected. To promote diversity and spread inclusive culture, we first learn concepts and problems, raise awareness of inequality and unconscious bias, and then all members of society need to work together. Support in especially from privileged Ally is essential. That is the subject of this session.
Round Table Discussion: Allyship and related cases - 30 min.
- Prof. Ji-Yeoun Lee, Eulji Univ.
- Prof. Young Sook Lee , Dongkuk Univ.
- Prof. Bong Hee Kang, Chungbuk National Univ.
- Prof. Kyoung Soon Hwang, Chungbuk National Univ.
Panel discussion - 30 min.
- Dr. Seonhi Ro, Ford, Germany
- Prof. Hee-Dae Kwon, Inha Univ., Korea
- Prof. Ounjung Roh, Sookmyung Women’s Univ., Korea
- Prof. Byoung Yoon Kim, ITER, France
4. Wrap Up - 10 min.
This session will host presentations related to indoor and outdoor environmental quality (EQ) in the built environments. In indoor conditions, air quality, thermal comfort, acoustics (noise) and vibration, and lighting quality are included. In more outdoor focused studies, five domains: air, water, land, built, and sociodemographic environments are of main interest. The environmental quality index (EQI) generally helps researchers better understand how health outcomes relate to cumulative environmental exposures. Submissions of new and original objective quantifications and measurements of EQI as well as subjective indoor climate evaluations and users’ health and preference are welcome
Insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) is still the main malaria control measure for the sub-Saharan region in Africa. A number of research in the past further showed the effectiveness of closed eaves, screened windows and doors in preventing mosquito intrusions into indoor spaces. However, the hot and humid climate makes the occupant difficult to remain under the bed net, mainly due to the restricted ventilation causing further discomfort, and increasing the risk of malaria infection while sleeping outside ITNs. Increasing the indoor comfort during the sleeping hours remains as a challenge.
The current work presents the selected architectural parameters investigated with the aim to increase indoor comfort of typical rural houses, and their impacts on the indoor temperature and CO2 concentration. Different roof types, sizes of screened windows and a solar chimney were investigated in silico, and the results show that, increasing the size of screened windows was the most effective in reducing the temperature while minimising indoor CO2 concentration.
Burning candles at home emit small particles and gases that pollute indoor air. Exposure to fine particles in outdoor air has been convincingly linked to cardiovascular and respiratory events, while the associations with fine and ultrafine particles from candle burning remain unexplored. We examined the association between the use of candles and incident cardiovascular and respiratory events. We collected data on 6757 participants of the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank cohort recruited in 2009 and followed them up for the first hospital contact for incident cardiovascular and respiratory events until 2018. We investigated an association between the self-reported frequency of candle use in wintertime and cardiovascular and respiratory events, using Cox regression models adjusting for potential confounders. During follow-up, 1462 and 834 were admitted for cardiovascular and respiratory events, respectively. We found null associations between candle use and a hospital contact due to cardiovascular and respiratory events, with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.11) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.18), respectively, among those using candles >4 times/week compared with <1 time/week. For cause-specific cardiovascular diseases, HRs were 1.10 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.43) for ischemic heart disease and 1.18 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.81) for myocardial infarction. For chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HR was 1.26 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.97). We found no statistically significant associations between candle use and the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory events. Studies with improved exposure assessments are warranted.
This study explores the effects of natural sounds, such as water sound and birdsong, on people's reactions to urban courtyards with and without the presence of sounds. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted in virtual reality (VR) environments. The first experiment investigated people's reactions to urban courtyards in terms of perceived pleasantness, perceived enclosure, and perceived spaciousness. Three-dimensional (3D) models of small and large courtyards were created with different height-to-width ratios (H/W) and features. A laboratory experiment was then conducted with three sessions: 1) audio-only, 2) audio-visual, and 3) visual-only. Additionally, the participants' physiological responses were monitored through facial electromyography (fEMG) and heart rate (HR) throughout the experiment. The second experiment focused on the restorative effects of urban courtyards. A similar experiment was conducted in VR environments and participants were asked to rate psychological restoration in each urban courtyard. Moreover, electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha waves (α-EEG) to each stimulus were measured throughout the experiment.
Room acoustics has been an active research field in building physics, which reflects the human race’s enthusiasm toward healthy and sustainable indoor acoustic environments. Particularly in acoustically important buildings, such as concert halls, room acoustics has been experimented with simulations and scale models in the design stage. Room acoustic simulations have been more accurate and versatile over time, and consequently acousticians have quite several simulation/reproduction tools suitable for various purposes. However, there still are challenges and bottlenecks that makes the collaborative workflow with other parties, such as architects, lighting designers, and energy performance researchers, difficult and time consuming. Recently we witnesses more and more advances in virtual prototyping, digitalization technologies, and machine learning and room acoustics is no exception. In this talk, I will present current technological trends, challenges, and opportunities in simulating and virtual prototyping of room acoustics with recent examples done in building designs and indoor climate evaluations.
In order to develop an evacuation simulation program that the fire safety manager of a building can easily utilize for effective evacuation and establish an appropriate evacuation plan in case of fire, it was tried to reflect the actual behavioral characteristics of the evacuees. To this end, a plan must be prepared to maximize the accuracy and completeness of the simulation program through real-scale evacuation experiments.
Evacuation simulation has a great influence on the actual evacuation time depending on the input value, but Korean building-related laws only stipulate the width of the corridor and stairs corresponding to the evacuation passage and the maximum distance from the living room to the stairway entrance depending on the use of the building. However, there is no regulation on the shape of the evacuation route inside the actual building, that is, the shape and angle of the intersection. Also, depending on the shape of the intersection, the occupant's choice of evacuation route changes and directly affects the evacuation time. Analysis through the shortest straight line distance from the living room where occupants are located to the stairway entrance is the most ideal evacuation activity using fragmentary evacuation lines, so there is a difference from the actual evacuation time of occupants in case of fire. Therefore, in order to improve the reliability of the currently used evacuation simulation, the main factors that can directly affect the actual evacuation are classified, and experimentally measured and analyzed values are reflected in the evacuation simulation algorithm to improve the quality of the building through evacuation simulation in the future. It will be possible to minimize the occurrence of errors in fire safety evaluation.
Major factors that can affect the evacuation of occupants in the event of a fire include reduced visibility due to smoke, whether fire-fighting facilities are installed and operated, the type of intersection, whether evacuation guides are placed, and bottlenecks in evacuation passages. In this study, in order to analyze the various behavioral characteristics of evacuees during a fire, an evacuation demonstration experiment plan was established in an evacuation model room and an actual building, and was used to analyze the behavioral characteristics of evacuees and RSET in case of fire.
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many aspects of infectious diseases due to social distancing control measures implemented to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the community. Limiting social mixing has resulted in not only decreasing COVID-19 transmission but also reducing transmission of other respiratory infections and disease incidences. This control measure has also affected access to health facilities such as general practices and hospitals which caused delayed appropriate disease treatments. Some unusual occurrences of infectious diseases have been observed in many parts of the world including Monkeypox outbreaks, unusual timing of RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) outbreaks, and so on. In this session, we would like to discuss the impact of COVID-19 and the influence of COVID-19 control measures on other infectious diseases during and after COVID-19 in different country settings, and mathematical modelling work on those phenomena.
This talk will provide an overview of the modelling and analysis that was undertaken in response to the global outbreak of MPOX in May 2022. The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) convened a modelling consortium comprising of both internal and external modellers and analysts to provide model based analysis to inform questioned posed by the National Incident Coordinating Committee within UKHSA. These questions included nowcasts and forecast estimates, whether MPOX was transmissible prior to symptoms, estimates of spill-over into other groups at risk, determinants of reductions transmission, and vaccine effectiveness. The talk will discuss some of the challenges faced by the consortium, and some of the novel approaches taken to obtain insights required to control this outbreak.
We investigate an optimal control problem of various epidemic models with uncertainty using stochastic differential equations, random differential equations, and agent-based models. We discuss deep reinforcement learning (RL), which combines RL with deep neural networks, as one method to solve the optimal control problem. The deep Q-network algorithm is introduced to approximate an action-value function and consequently obtain the optimal policy. Numerical simulations show that in order to effectively prevent the spread of infectious diseases, it is essential to vaccinate at the highest rate for the first few days and then gradually reduce the rate.
The COVID-19 pandemic that started in 2020 coincided with large changes in the epidemiology of many other infectious diseases. These changes were likely driven by the large-scale behavioural changes in populations around the world. This talk summarises empirical and modelling investigations on the way that the COVID-19 pandemic (and associated interventions) affected other infectiou diseases.
In the early days of the pandemic, there was a lack of information about COVID-19, and there were many variables and trial and error. However, as information about COVID-19 began to accumulate, the government began to analyze various data to create new policies, and began to develop policies based on mathematical modeling based on this accumulated data.
First, mathematical modeling was used to predict the number of total patients and the number of severe patients, and was utilized as basic data for securing medical resources.
Second, based on mathematical modeling, the priority of vaccine recipients was determined, and a proposal was made to minimize the number of deaths.
Third, mathematical modeling was used to implement a cost-effectiveness evaluation of the reduction in the number of patients caused by various means of social distancing.
By referring to this mathematical modeling, the Korean government and infectious disease experts were able to greatly assist in minimizing the number of deaths and maintaining the economic damage to a manageable level even in the midst of the COVID-19 epidemic in Korea.
Through this lecture, we would like to discuss how we can use mathematical modeling at every stage of the crisis in the face of new pandemics, based on the Korean experience of COVID-19.(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
From fulfilling individual needs for the small-scale storage of electricity in household gadgets to providing larger-scale storage capacities in electric vehicles, batteries have become an intrinsic part of human activities. The global demand for battery systems has led to an increase in research into the development of materials, devices, manufacturing & production processes, and battery management systems. Also, recyclability is getting more and more critical for the sustainable use of battery components and materials in the near future. Accordingly, this section is devoted to recent advances and progress in the development of battery materials, manufacturing from cell to pack systems, production processes, management & operation technologies, recycling strategies & technologies, and analytical techniques as well as elucidating fundamental electrochemical mechanisms and reactions.
As we navigate an era defined by the urgent need for sustainable and energy-efficient solutions, rechargeable energy storage systems, particularly batteries, have become an indisputable keystone. The successful evolution of such systems necessitates agile collaborations spanning universities, research institutes, and both public and industrial sectors.
In response to this need, the Korean Battery Experts Group in Europe (EK-DeBatt) has organized a series of three dynamic sessions. Beginning with “Advancements in Battery Technology: From Materials to Applications,” (Session CM1), we will embark on an exploration which continues through two subsequent discussions in sessions CM3-1 and CM3-2, ambitiously titled “Journey for the Next Generation of Energy Storage Systems”.
Session CM3-1 delves into the integral aspect of sustainability and recycling processes shaping the current scenario of battery technology. While Session CM3-2 ventures into the realm of manufacturing processes, featuring an engaging panel discussion to ignite in-depth insights.
As we inaugurate these discussions, the session opening will offer an overview of EK-DeBatt's past achievements and future prospects, while inviting open-ended discussions about how the group might further flourish through the fostering of synergistic partnerships.
The field of battery research continually seeks to improve energy storage capabilities while addressing sustainability concerns. This applies in particular to the exploration and development of novel materials, such as the promising material group of MXenes. MXenes, known for their two-dimensional morphology, vast chemical composition range, and excellent electrical conductivity, require the synergistic integration of conversion or alloying materials to achieve high charge storage capacities.
The presentation highlights the development of high-performance sodium-ion batteries using MXene / antimony hybrid electrodes. By carefully optimizing synthesis parameters and material design strategies, researchers achieved an optimized electrode composition. This hybrid material exhibited a high reversible capacity of 450 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, along with excellent cycling stability and rate capability. We also explore the combination of MXenes and SnO2, a conversion material, for enhanced lithium-ion battery performance of over 500 mAh/g for 700 cycles at 0.1 A/g. The researchers synthesized a nanocomposite consisting of a 50/50 mixture of SnO2 and MXene. The resulting nanocomposite demonstrated high-capacity retention over numerous cycles and excellent rate capability.
Additionally, we demonstrate MXene electrode recycling and upcycling. With binder- and additive-free MXene paper electrodes, we show the significance of finding sustainable and efficient approaches to recycle spent batteries. Researchers investigated the use of annealed delaminated MXene electrodes, obtained through vacuum-assisted filtration and annealing processes, in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. The electrodes exhibited good electrochemical performance and were easily recovered through direct recycling processes, achieving high capacity recovery rates. Moreover, the cycled MXene electrodes could be transformed into TiO2/C hybrids with adjustable carbon content, providing opportunities for their utilization in various battery and electrocatalysis applications.
Collectively, we emphasize the potential of MXenes and MXene hybrid materials for enhancing charge storage capabilities in batteries. They also underline the significance of developing sustainable recycling and upcycling approaches for MXene electrodes, contributing to the overall advancement of battery technology.
Pseudocapacitance is a mechanism that describes Faradaic charge storage reactions with an electrical signature closely resembling electric double-layer capacitance, holding promise to combine high specific energy and power.[1] It has been observed for electrode materials with certain intrinsic structural features, such as wide interlayer galleries in Ti3C2Tx MXenes offering facile diffusion pathways.[2] Nanostructuring can induce extrinsic pseudocapacitance to electrode materials that show classic battery-like behavior in their bulk form, such as LiCoO2, which can be explained by reduced diffusion distances and changes in site energies in the (near-)surface region.[3] It is challenging to clearly identify and separate such intrinsic and extrinsic influences on the charge storage mechanism in many emerging electrode materials that combine (atomic scale) structural features with nanosized crystalline domain sizes.
Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), which have a chemical formula of MX2 (M = transition metal element, X = S, Se, or Te), have been investigated for electrochemical energy storage (EES) applications, such as batteries and capacitors.[4] Among them, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been described to show pseudocapacitive lithium intercalation reactions in organic electrolytes, when the particle size is sufficiently nanostructured.[5] Furthermore, the material exhibits a relatively large interlayer spacing of 0.615 nm, which can be further expanded, for example, via the introduction of pillars. Hence it is a suitable model material to study intrinsic contributions from tuning interlayer distance and extrinsic contributions from tuning particle size, either individually or in combination. The former is expected to impact the intrinsic ionic transport properties in the host material, while the latter is reducing ion diffusion path length.
In this study, we investigate the pseudocapacitive behavior in MoS2-based materials as a function of their structure over several length scales. By synthesizing the material with high control over both interlayer distance at the (sub-)nanometer-scale and the particle size in the range from several tens to hundreds of nanometers, we can identify the individual contributions on the pseudocapacitive electrochemical signature. The aim of this contribution is to answer which structural modification to layered intercalation host materials (interlayer distance vs. particle size) is most effective to improve overall charge storage kinetics, and whether different modifications influence charge storage reactions at different time scales.
Lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) are among the most promising next-generation energy storage systems. In such systems, the anode is composed of lithium (Li) metal, ideally originating from the cathode active material in order to avoid the initial presence of metallic lithium when assembling the cells (also referred to as “zero excess” LMBs). Generally, Li metal offers a high theoretical capacity of 3860 mAhg-1 and a very low reduction potential of -3.040 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode, rendering it an excellent anode material candidate for higher energy density batteries (i.e., > 500 Wh kg-1). Nonetheless, the continuous degradation of commonly used liquid electrolytes at the interface with Li metal leads to a severe decrease in Coulombic Efficiency, especially in absence of an initial lithium reservoir, and dendritic Li deposition, which can potentially cause cell failure and accidental short-circuiting.1,2,3
Several strategies to improve the stability of the initially formed interphase have been proposed, including tailored electrolyte compositions, the application of artificial interphases, the use of 3D host matrices for the lithium deposition, and the replacement of conventional liquid electrolytes by solid-state electrolytes.4,5,6,7 Concerning the latter, polymer electrolytes (PEs), especially poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based ones, are characterized by several attractive properties, e.g., high flexibility, low cost, adhesive interfacial contact to the electrodes, light weight, and reasonable ionic conductivity at slightly elevated temperatures.8,9 However, the interfacial contact in “zero-excess” cell configurations remains a great challenge.
Herein, we report on our progress regarding the development of advanced current collectors with modified surfaces to achieve enhanced lithium deposition kinetics, greater reversibility, and improved Coulombic efficiency for “zero-excess” LMBs.
After the first Korea-EU Technology Cooperation on Carbon Neutrality and Regional Innovation forum in EKC2022, we propose the second forum in EKC2023. Climate change is emerged as a transnational and transregional issue. Many countries, including Korea and EU, are making all-out efforts to cope with the rapidly changing climate by declaring carbon neutrality after the Paris Climate Agreement. The session will discuss pathways to sustainability to innovate science and technology and cooperate effectively to respond to climate change between Korean and European researchers. The main topics will focus on carbon neutrality that Korea and Europe must achieve, discussing technology policies and joint R&D topics, and exploring ways to cooperate between the two regions. . As a result, it is expected that this session will not only share carbon-neutral innovation policies in Korea and Europe, but also discover the demand for joint research in the near future.
EE6 - introduction
Here, K also means 'Korea' and 'knowledge'. The key content is about the strategic framework and implementation plans for the transfer and commercialization of public climate technology in the Republic of Korea. Korea is a representative country that has grown through science and technology. In particular, it was largely influenced by national and public research and development (R&D) in shipbuilding, color television, CDMA, semiconductors, etc. Since 2010s, nationally the green transition has emerged as a hot topic following reflection on the application and spread of gray technologies. Accordingly, the Korean government has been continuously supporting green growth policies and green technology sharing for developing countries as our partner countries for the past 15 years. However, as the global climate crisis is increasingly emphasized, we need a more innovative and creative climate tech strategies and means. This presentation focuses on two topics: One is how to share the experience and continuation of Korea's public Climate Tech with partner countries, and the other is how to create public technologies of Korea transfer to developing countries commercially.
Climate change is already affecting the world, with extreme weather conditions such as drought, heat waves, heavy rain, floods, and landslides becoming more frequent, including in Europe. Other consequences of the rapidly changing climate include rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and biodiversity loss. Therefore, many countries set themselves up for carbon neutrality by 2050. Carbon neutrality means balancing emitting and absorbing carbon from the atmosphere in carbon sinks. Removing carbon oxide from the atmosphere and storing it is known as carbon sequestration. All worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will have to be counterbalanced by carbon sequestration to achieve net zero emissions.
The manufacturing and production sector accounts for one-fifth of global carbon emissions and 54% of the world’s energy usage. Reducing the carbon emissions from the manufacturing sector will play a vital role in reaching global climate targets – while for the manufacturers themselves, the benefits of carbon management extend beyond sustainability. To date, many manufacturing companies are quantifying the carbon footprint of their products and the whole company (scope 1, scope 2, and Scope 3). However, they could not know their carbon amount level; they produce CO2 emissions more or less than other companies' CO2 emissions in the same industrial sector. The green class rating assessment (GCR) system evaluates the carbon footprint per million won and comparing with the average carbon footprint (ton CO2 eqv. per million won) of the industry. Depending on the lower level, the five grades can be given like Excellent (80.1% - below), Outstanding (60.1%-80% lower than average score), Very Good (40.1%-60% lower than average score), Good (20.1%-40% lower than average score), and Satisfactory (0%-20% lower than average score).
The average industry carbon footprint is based on the Environmentally Extended Input-Output (EEIO) table, developed using the input-output tables reported by the Bank of Korea and the national energy statistics in South Korea.
For example, one chemical company produces petrochemicals, fine chemicals, organic peroxide, thermoplastic polyurethane, and other products. The company’s carbon footprint (ton CO2 eqv. per million won) was calculated based on their financial statements and energy (electricity, gas, etc.) consumption. It was 0.0193 ton CO2 eq. Per million won. This chemical company ranked outstanding (60.1% - 80% lower than the average score). With this method and approach, the companies could be known their status in terms of CO2 emission level. If their CO2 emission level is higher than the average level, they should have a plan to reduce the CO2 emission from the process.
Following the publication of the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report, it is recommended that future mitigation and adaptation reports to the UNFCCC and IPCC should be based on regional assessments using 'socio-economic scenarios'. In this regard, various Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) are being developed, and the Integrated Assessment Model Consortium (IAMC) has been established to collaborate on various IAMs and analytical techniques. In Korea, socio-economic scenarios applicable to climate change policy analysis have been developed, and future adaptive capacity has been quantified based on the socio-economic scenarios derived by analysing adaptation policy-specific socio-economic scenarios. However, although detailed adaptation policy implementation plans are being prepared at the local level, they are not being applied due to the lack of methodologies and data to apply climate change scenario assessment. In this study, the socio-economic-environmental scenario will be constructed at a resolution of 1kmx1km or more. It is divided into human, ecological and global environmental systems to estimate future population and economic scenarios using verified methodologies and to construct integrated scenarios in conjunction with system dynamics. This will enable the establishment of IAM simulators that will allow social and economic scenarios to be applied at the local government level. Finally, we intend to establish an integrated system that can be assessed from a policy perspective by simulating different scenarios, so that it can be applied to SDG goals and local government policy assessment.
Renewable energy and hydrogen energy are increasingly being utilized to address climate change. To utilize hydrogen energy, applications such as fuel cell-based mobility and power generation need to be expanded. Hydrogen electric vehicles, a representative application of fuel cells, were commercialized by Hyundai and Toyota in 2013 and 2014, but they are facing difficulties in expanding the market. In order to expand the market for hydrogen electric vehicles, the durability and price of the fuel cell stack must be resolved. While fundamental improvements need to be made in MEA manufacturing processes and materials, driving logic and systemic approaches can maximize the lifespan of stacks at current technology levels. Several factors contribute to the shortened lifetime of the stack, including frequent load fluctuations that cause the MEA catalyst layer to degrade. In this study, we conducted experiments on how to maximize the lifetime of the stack in a hydrogen electric vehicle design in which the secondary battery is responsible for load fluctuations and the fuel cell is responsible for only the baseload. First, the current fluctuation of the HEV stack was obtained by applying the US06 cycle, one of the standard driving cycles, to the Simulink-based HEV model provided by Mathworks. We calculated the average current from the time-averaged output of the entire power generation of the cycle and assumed a baseload setting for the stack. Two 5-cell, 200 cm2 reaction area stacks were built, one with the original load variation and one with the baseload constant current operation for 400 consecutive hours. The performance change was measured every 100 hours, and finally CI(current interrupt) and EIS(electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) experiments were performed to analyze the durability characteristics. The performance decreased by 1.35% under constant current operation, while it decreased by 16.52% under load variation. After 400 hours of load variation, both activation loss resistance and electrical resistance losses increased more significantly than in constant current operation.
Private climate financing play a pivotal role as emerging markets and developed economies seek to curb greenhouse gas emissions and contain climate change while coping with its effects.
Boosting private climate financing quickly is essential, Key solutions include adequate pricing of climate risks, innovative financing instruments, broadening the investor base, expanding the involvement of multilateral development banks and development finance institutions, and strengthening climate information.
However, it is uncertain to find climate benefits of ESG investing, such scores for companies in emerging market and developed economies as well.
This article figure out how does venture capital investment leverage green growth in Korea and Europe and what is the hurdle to overcome.
This paper introduces a novel agrivoltaic system designed to maximize crop yield. The proposed solution integrates two main components: a predictive model and an adaptive structure. The predictive model, built on algorithms, can forecast solar power generation and crop yield based on historical and real-time data inputs such as solar radiation, temperature, and crop-specific parameters. This enables a data-driven approach to designing efficient agrivoltaic systems, thereby harmonizing the coexistence of solar energy production and agriculture.
The adaptive structure is an innovative design feature allowing solar panels' angles to be adjusted according to changing environmental conditions. This adaptive feature ensures optimal sunlight distribution to crops underneath while maximizing solar energy capture. Our proposed system dynamically balances the competing needs of energy production and agricultural output in real-time.
Lastly, the paper discusses an applied case study demonstrating the implementation and benefits of such an agrivoltaic project. This work serves as a blueprint for future sustainable projects, offering insights into the transformative potential of intelligently designed agrivoltaic systems that prioritize agricultural yield. The findings offer promising implications for the future of sustainable agriculture and renewable energy sectors.
In this paper, we aim to analyze how digital technologies can contribute to achieving carbon neutrality goals. We explore the ways in which digital technologies such as energy management systems, Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and green computing can enable carbon emissions reduction and sustainable practices.
The paper begins with an introduction, providing background information, problem statement, research objectives, and methodology. To establish a theoretical foundation, a comprehensive examination of carbon neutrality, digital transformation, and their interconnectivity is conducted. The main body of the paper discusses specific ways in which digital technologies can contribute to carbon neutrality. This includes topics such as energy management systems and smart grids, IoT applications for energy efficiency, AI and predictive analytics for emissions reduction, blockchain technology for transparent supply chains, and the role of green computing in data centers. Additionally, the paper includes analyses of successful case studies and best practices.
Lastly, through this research, we aim to discuss how we can apply digital transformation technologies in industrial settings.
Domestic forests play an essential role in carbon absorption during carbon neutrality. Accordingly, projects to increase carbon absorption are continuously growing through managing and creating forests, preventing forest conversion, and recycling of woody biomass. Until now, forest carbon absorption has been measured and managed at the national level, but local governments have not approached specific carbon absorption indicators in various ways. The carbon absorption footprint of essential local governments can be defined as carbon absorption, carbon absorption per national land area, and carbon absorption per forest area. Here, the carbon absorption footprint is a tool for determining the total carbon absorbed by tree species (forests, roadside trees, parks, urban forests, etc.) and ground cover plants in the region.
Therefore, in this study, the carbon absorption amount of metropolitan and local governments was calculated for the whole country, and the carbon absorption footprint was calculated. The carbon absorption amount was calculated by matching the standard carbon absorption amount by tree species based on the forest area by forest area/age level. Carbon absorption was quantified for 250 basic local governments nationwide, and research results were calculated for the carbon absorption ratio to the national land area and the carbon absorption ratio to the forest area.
As a result of the study, as of 2020, the region with the highest number of metropolitan areas was in the order of Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Jeollanam-do, and the lowest absorption was in the order of Gwangju Metropolitan City, Sejong Special Self-Governing City, and Daejeon Metropolitan City. Hongcheon-gun, Inje-gun, and Pyeongchang-gun of Gangwon-do were the primary local governments with high absorption ratios compared to the national area, and Yeongdeungpo-gu of Seoul, Jung-gu of Busan, and Seongdong-gu of Seoul showed the lowest percentage. Lastly, essential local governments with a high absorption rate compared to forest areas were Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do, in order, and Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Gangdong-gu, and Dongjak-gu, Seoul, respectively, with low rates. Overall, much carbon was absorbed in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, but the absorption rate was lower than that of Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Incheon compared to the national area. Compared to the forest area, the carbon absorption rate was uniform across the country. Based on this study, it is necessary to develop a forest creation scenario and make efforts to continuously reduce carbon by absorbing more carbon through it.
Afterward, it is considered that it will be an essential indicator for planning in the future for metropolitan or primary local governments as carbon absorption can change according to afforestation during forest management.
As for the certification of agricultural products, the quality of agricultural products is guaranteed through various certifications according to the situation of each country around the world. However, it is not well known about the growth environment (e.g., weather, soil condition, fertilizer use etc.) and the expected quality for the entire cycle of the cultivation environment. In this study, we are developing a monitoring system for the entire process of evaluation of agricultural products (fruits and vegetables), cultivation (growth) environment, and environmental impact through analysis of air quality, soil environment, weather information, and various big data provided by the country in the relevant farmland. It can be evaluated and optimized for quality improvement and cost-benefit by providing producers with objective analysis and monitoring product results. In addition, by providing a grade for the cultivation environment and quality of agricultural products to consumers, they can intuitively consume. The main contents of this study are as follows.
1) Development of an environmental evaluation model through the development of evaluation items and indicators for agricultural cultivation environment and quality
2) Data collection and analysis algorithm development through integrated IoT environment sensor and monitoring system development
- Soil moisture content (humidity), cultivation temperature, soil pH (acidity), soil nutrient content (N, P, K content: fertility), carbon dioxide concentration (photosynthesis), the concentration of harmful substances in the air (fine dust, VOCs), etc.
3) Analysis of quality changes according to changes in environmental conditions
- Correlation analysis according to changes in multi-factor variables (experiment-based big data construction and analysis)
- Evaluation Indicator (Scoring): Normalization reflecting the weight of each indicator
In the future, through this evaluation model and monitoring system, it is possible to build an regional/local environmental impact whole process using LCA and the life cycle cost evaluation model. In addition, it can be applied practically to farmland to guarantee the quality of agricultural products and realize consumers' right to know.
The world is currently facing a lot of climate disasters, including droughts, floods, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall, because of climate change. In response, detailed implementation rules are being established and enforced by parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Republic of Korea, as a party to the UNFCCC, recently proposed the “1st National Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth Basic Plan” to establish detailed policies for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 in various fields such as industry, energy transition, buildings, transportation, Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) and so on. As a result, strategies for carbon neutrality are urgently needed in various fields in Korea, particularly for industries with high emissions of greenhouse gases. However, most companies lack carbon emission inventories and databases, which are essential for establishing carbon reduction strategies. This is particularly true for small and medium-sized manufacturing companies.
In this study, we aimed to develop a model for calculating and evaluating the actual carbon emissions of these companies by building a carbon emission inventory and monitoring power usage in real-time. We also aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based carbon emission prediction system based on this model. Additionally, we tried to develop a system capable of providing Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) management reports by conducting a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) based on a detailed carbon emission inventory for each production processes and facilities. To achieve these goals, we applied edge-computing technology to the power meter to enable independent preprocessing of power usage data within the meter. This reduced the amount of computational processing required and enabled more accurate real-time predictions. The monitoring system was designed to check real-time current/power usage, carbon emissions/reductions, estimated carbon emissions according to production plans and schedules, and carbon reductions by period.
In conclusion, this study presents the development of a carbon emission monitoring system that assists small and medium-sized manufacturing companies in building a carbon emission inventory and database. This provides them with essential data on their carbon emissions and enables them to establish strategies for reducing their emissions. The carbon emission monitoring system developed through this research is expected to serve as a fundamental technology for preparing for national carbon neutrality policies and achieving carbon neutrality in the industries by applying it to companies that have not yet implemented leading responses to carbon neutrality and ESG management due to economic burdens.
closing remark for EE6
The traditional Computer Science and Information Technology that deal with algorithm, data, and theory have been undergoing evolutionary changes over the last decades and modifying our daily life from every aspects including entertainment, housekeeping, communication, healthcare, industry, education, and commute. Advancement in software development paradigms, enhancement of the computing and networking infrastructure, and development of underlying philosophy in technology are apparent enablers of such an evolution. This session focuses on generic Computer Science and ICT topics and thus aims to invite and select speakers who deliver their recent research work from academy and industry.
Software is now an increasingly important part of the car. As ECU (Electronic Control Unit) hardware performance is getting better, the hundreds of ECUs in a traditional vehicle are reduced to dozens, and various features such as software updater via OTA (Over The Air) and fancy UI/UX are supported to satisfy customers. At the same time, the amount and complexity of software are increasing, and if it is not well managed architecturally, it is difficult to achieve the quality that must be satisfied to release the product, and the next development can be problematic.
In this talk, I will briefly talk about software architecture, starting with the history and trends of automotive software, and then talk about methodologies that can be used to evaluate it. I will also briefly introduce open-source projects and alliances that can be used to collaborate with other automotive companies, as many of the features required for software are difficult to develop directly.
Finally, I would like to conclude this presentation by raising a topic we can think about together about the future of automotive software.
Scientific knowledge of the world is objective knowledge that certain phenomenon can be explained so that it can be predicted.We will have a look at how we have gained scientific knowledge about the world that we live in, in the way through reverse engineering.
With the little pieces of the knowledge, we have devised many ways and built systems and machineries to achieve what we humans wish to have.
In this talk, we will address what mathematics can offer for engineering, applications and even for policy-making, and basic problem solving approaches in these areas. The basic approach will entail diverse methods that we have now in STEM area.
We will also discuss to clarify what types of problems can be better tackled with the approaches in traditional algorithms in computing, or with those in machine learning.
These topics will be discussed with examples in various areas such as computational models, traditional algorithms, machine learning, networks, computer vision and graphics, robotics, etc.
During a collaborative task, like carrying a sofa or a table togehter with a co-actor, it is common for individuals to coordinate their motor behavior in terms of space and time. Interestingly, coordination between partners can occur even without verbal communication, as they observe each other's movements and/or the movements of the object they are interacting with. The study aimed to examine how social coupling between two individuals can emerge in collaborative tasks under different perceptual information conditions. A visual reference condition was compared with three other conditions that included new types of real-time auditory feedback: effect-based, performance-based, and combined effect/performance-based auditory feedback. A novel paradigm was introduced in which participants' actions are seamlessly merged to control an object on a tablet computer application. The participants were required to synchronize their movements with a 90° phase difference and adjust finger dynamics to make the object (a ball) rotating accurately on a given circular trajectory on the tablet. The results suggest that various types of additional auditory information can alter interpersonal coordination in joint tasks.
It is aimed to review the status quo of the low-carbon emitting technologies at different stages of research and development that various industries are considering to commercialise to achieve the net zero emission target. The low-carbon emitting technologies are inclusive of:
1) Advanced manufacturing technologies to improve the energy efficiency
2) Production and utilization of low-carbon fuels
3) Pre- or post- combustion CO2 capture processes
4) CO2 utilisation
The technology that has recently attracted the most attention for the industry's low-carbon energy transition is clean hydrogen production and utilization. In the case of Korea, if carbon dioxide generation is controlled to 4 kg or less when producing 1 kg of hydrogen, it will have the status of clean hydrogen. Legalizing a clean hydrogen production scheme requires strict carbon footprint management in hydrogen production, transportation, storage, and utilization stages. As a result, it is causing significant changes in the existing hydrogen market. First, hydrogen produced through steam methane reforming (SMR) or by-product hydrogen from petrochemical and steelmaking processes, which currently supply most hydrogen, has become essential to combine with CCUS technology, and various demonstration projects have begun. Using biogas, a carbon-neutral fuel, for SMR will soon become the most effective clean hydrogen production technology. Interest in biofuels has re-energized syngas production and hydrogen extraction through biomass gasification.
Research and development (R&D) on green hydrogen without worrying about carbon dioxide is steadily progressing. Korea, which lacks renewable energy, is highly interested in the convergence of nuclear power generation and water electrolysis technology. Although still in the R&D stage, turquoise hydrogen production is expected as a technology that can change the natural gas-based energy supply chain to a hydrogen supply chain. Many companies and research institutes in Korea are already making various efforts to secure turquoise hydrogen production technology. This presentation will introduce research activities on clean hydrogen production and utilization technology currently underway at KITECH, focusing on turquoise hydrogen production technology.
Various technologies have been being developed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the petrochemical industry, such as the use of bionaphtha and the thermal decomposition of naphtha by electric joule heating. And, as one of the important technologies for carbon neutrality, CCU technology has also been considered as an important implementation method. However, in order to reduce greenhouse gases by converting carbon dioxide into chemicals, renewable energy and green hydrogen technologies must be developed at the same time and technology development strategy should be carefully discussed.
In this presentation, representative CCU technologies and issues required for technology development will be discussed, and strategies for maximizing greenhouse gas emission reduction through LCA analysis will be shown. This strategty is applied to develop a technology to produce a platform compound by simultaneously converting organic waste resources and carbon dioxide using a dehydrogenation catalyst. By LCA analysis, new separation process that minimizes greenhouse gas emissions is deduced as a way to minimize the amount of waste disposal. In addition, we will explain how to demonstrate the developed continuous process so that technology development does not stop at lab scale research and conducting pilot demonstration to commercialize it.
As the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is gradually strengthening regulations on greenhouse gas emissions from ships, the shipping industry is considering Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology as a mid-term decarbonization strategy. A representative CCS technology with high readiness and proven onshore performance is the amine absorption-based capture technology. However, its high energy consumption leads to high Operational Expenditure (OPEX) and reduces the net CO2 reduction efficiency due to additional CO2 emissions from energy consumption.
The applicability of CCS technology in ships decreases as energy consumption increases. Ships produce all the necessary energy through generators or Aux. boilers, so higher energy consumption leads to an increase in the fuel supply system's Capex and CO2 storage tank capacity due to additional CO2 emissions, leading to higher cargo loss.
Therefore, for the amine absorption-based CCS technology to be applied to ships, energy saving is a priority, and two improvement strategies have been applied in this regard. One is the optimization of amine absorbent for ship exhaust gases, and the other is the utilization of available waste energy on ships.
Ship exhaust gases have lower CO2 concentrations and higher oxygen concentrations than onshore, making it necessary to apply absorbents with high oxidative stability and fast CO2 absorption rates. This allows for the use of less absorbent for the same amount of CO2 removal, leading to a reduction in energy consumption of over 30% for regenerating the absorbent.
Available waste energy on ships includes waste heat from exhaust gases and, in some cases, cold energy generated when LNG is vaporized for propulsion. Waste heat from exhaust gases can be used as heat energy for regenerating the absorbent, and the regenerated energy can be saved by over 50% compared to the existing system. However, to prevent abrupt thermal degradation of the absorbent, an indirect heat exchange system using steam as a heat transfer medium has to be designed, and an Aux. boiler-linked system has also been designed to supplement insufficient energy due to varying waste heat depending on the season or operating time.
When using LNG as a propulsion fuel, the cold energy generated during LNG vaporization can be used as cooling energy required for CO2 liquefaction, resulting in over 20% energy savings. The cold energy generated during LNG vaporization can sufficiently cool CO2 below -164 degrees Celsius for liquefaction, but cooling CO2 at too low temperatures may lead to the formation of solid hydrates. Therefore, an indirect heat exchange system using a separate refrigerant has been designed.
The application of the three energy-saving measures leads to a reduction in OPEX of over 50% compared to the technology, while improving the net CO2 reduction efficiency by over 45%. As a result, the applicability of amine absorption-based CCS technology in ships is significantly enhanced
Up to now, carbon capture researches and commercialisation projects have been focused mostly on fossil fuel power stations and industrial plants that feature single CO2 emission sources of very large scales. To achieve the net zero emission target, however, it is essential to curtail substantially the CO2 emission from all the CO2 emission sources regardless of their scales including maritime shipping sector [1]. The amine capture units that are often chosen for decarbonising power plants may not be best suited for capturing CO2 from ships, the CO2 emissions of which are much smaller than those of power plants. It is well known that adsorption processes are competitive over other separation processes for industrial application of small to medium scales [2].
A PSA-SPUR system is an advanced adsorption process designed for recovering the heavy component from a gas mixture, not necessitating unrealistically low pressures for desorption. The novel adsorption process is capable of achieving the high CO2 purity and recovery targets at the same time, without having to operate the process within a very narrow window of operating conditions for good performance. In this study, the PSA-SPUR system was designed for its application for ship-based carbon capture and optimised for the best performance using the unique Equilibrium Theory model [3,4]. The theoretical results were validated by experimental campaign using the lab-scale six-column Pressure Swing Adsorption rig.
Acknowledgement
This work is supported by the EPSRC IAA fund and the Birse Trustees.
"There have been numerous alternative technologies and substantial discussions in the future mobility and transportation With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the future mobility industry faces challenges related to environmental concerns, carbon footprints, sustainable energy, and the maturity of new technologies, among others. In the past decades, both the UK and European governments have heavily invested in and evaluated these issues. The following is a list of the main possible themes in the EKC."
Researchers from South Korea, European countries, and the UK will have the opportunity to keep up with the latest world-leading technologies and future vision for automotive technologies. The event will introduce and discuss new and innovative ideas, which will bring new prospects to the future of the future mobility and drive fresh engineering innovations globally.
In 2019, more than 75.2% of Korea's total energy consumption (excluding energy consumption for raw materials and transportation) and 71% of greenhouse gas emissions in the industrial sector accounted for core facilities(boilers, combustors, industrial furnaces, dryers, heat pumps, and heat exchangers, etc.) consuming large amounts of heat energy is a situation that comes out of use. (Korea Energy Agency, statistics on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the industrial sector in 2020)
Efficiency improvement technology for energy-consuming industrial facilities is the most realistic and effective solution to respond to energy and environmental problems such as energy demand management and greenhouse gas reduction.
Against this background, the open smart design platform, which is a technical means to promote the dissemination and diffusion of technology through the design excellence of high-efficiency energy devices, facilitates the leading technology development of small and medium-sized enterprises lacking technical skills, professional manpower, and commercialization capabilities, and It is judged that it will increase the actual supply of consuming industrial facilities and the effect of inducing production.
In this study, a business model with publicity, openness, scalability, excellence, reliability, and sustainability is established and advanced for the effective dissemination and utilization of demand technologies in the relevant field through the stable operation of the smart design platform for industrial facilities that consume high heat energy. included the process.
The core technology and issues of future mobility are technological advance of lithium battery and the expansion of hydrogen energy. This presentation introduces the technology development trend of oxide solid state lithium battery as next-generation battery and the hydrogen R&D trend in Korea to expand hydrogen energy economy. The first topic is the discussion of oxide-based solid state battery. Oxide solid state lithium battery among solid state batteries are slow to develop due to high technical barriers such as interface control and cell fabrication, but the need for technology development for urban energy storage system(ESS) with large electric capacity and high safety level is expected to increase as the electric platform expands. It is intended to discuss the R&D issues and challenges of oxide solid lithium battery and to introduce research activities(solid battery & battery recycling) on lithium battery of Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science(KRISS), and seek international cooperation. The second topic is hydrogen infrastructure technology in Korea. Korea began to promote the hydrogen economy in earnest in 2018, and technology development is currently underway in all areas of hydrogen energy, including hydrogen production, storage, transfer, and use. In this presentation, I will introduce national R&D trend, infrastructures and KRISS activities in Korea.
In order to satisfy carbon neutrality in transportation sector, carbon-free gases such as hydrogen and ammonia should be considered as a fuel for an internal combustion engine in the near future. Hydrogen can be a gamechanger of greenhouse gas problem replacing existing fossil fuels. However, due to high reactivity, wide flammability limit and small minimum ignition energy of hydrogen, lots of care should be concentrated on the development of hydrogen engine. In this study, a 2-liter direct injection type hydrogen engine was experimented and its combustion and emission characteristics were assessed. Borgwarner hydrogen injector was adopted and injection pressure of up to 36 bar was used in this evaluation. In order to minimize NOx emission, ultra-lean combustion was intended and no additional aftertreatment device was utilized. Also, to boost intake air and therefore to increase overall power of the engine, turbocharger and supercharger were used solely or together. Exhaust gas recirculation scheme was also tested to further decrease NOx emission. All the data with a direct injection hydrogen engine were compared to those with a port injection hydrogen engine and with a direct injection gasoline engine as well. Overall, a direct injection hydrogen engine could be stably operated in the entire engine speed and load condition. Although there was a pre-ignition or knocking problem at high load condition, frequency of abnormal combustion was not that significant and could be controllable. Less than 15 ppm of NOx was obtained at the major 8 points engine operating conditions showing almost the same power or more power of a gasoline engine. In addition, less than 200 ppm of CO2 emission was witnessed in the tailpipe of a hydrogen engine. In conclusion, hydrogen can be utilized as a fuel for a 2-liter reciprocating engine with direct injection system showing supreme combustion and emission performance. Hydrogen engine is expected to be a promising alternative of conventional internal combustion engine and will play an important role in carbon neutrality in transportation sector.
This session is dedicated to advance the synergy between biochemistry and functional bioelectronics. Such a synergy involves the role played by charge interactions and transport between the various species constituting the complex systems at hand. These systems are omnipresent in our daily life and are of high relevance in a wide range of scientific research areas and technological processes.
The involved charged species of interest range from electrons, protons, small ions, intermediate sized colloids, synthetic- and bio-macromolecules (like proteins, DNA and F-actin), ion channels, up to living cells and viruses. The interactions, assembly, response to external fields, and transport properties of charged species are highly relevant for both soft-matter materials science for understanding the biological processes and bioelectronics engineering in diverse demands.
The role played by the charge-charge interactions is generic, so that scientific communities that work independently may profit from each other’s knowhow and knowledge, including fundamental aspects and practical developments, as well in the assembly and mass/heat transport. One of the motivations of this session is therefore to bring different communities together and to achieve an efficient and beneficial cross-fertilization.
A few examples of topics that could be of interest are listed below:
- Fundamental (theoretical & simulation) methods in macromolecular electrostatics
- The role of electrostatics in biological processes/systems & soil acidification
- Self-assembly and transport in complex synthetic charged macromolecules and soft-matter
- MRI, Magneto-encephalography (MEG) signal sensing and interfacial panels
- Nano-biophotonics: bio-sensing displays and minimal biotoxicity
- Hydrogel-ionic devices and soft-matter biomimetic actuators
- Charge interaction of bio-macromolecules (like proteins & DNA) and mutagenesis
- Enzyme catalysis with protein denaturation
- Field-driven ion-diffusivity and ion-penetration of membranes
- Filtration of charge-stabilized particles in practice & seawater desalination
- Charge transport in ion channels & proton diffusion in PEM
- Upcycling of tunable magneto-rheological vehicle dampers
The session involves the participation of simulators, analytical theoreticians, and experimentalists, creating an interdisciplinary approach towards various types of charged systems, aiming at a long-term and broader impact for continuing exchange of ideas.
We also aim not only to discuss the possible drawbacks that are limted by the current challenges between the different disciplines, but also to create a synergy between them by redefining the common features in an effort to enable cross-fertilization under the circle of integrated scientific disciplines.
Deep neural network techniques have improved various signal processing results in many areas. Medical imaging field is a representative area affected by the deep learning technology. MRI system and image reconstruction methods have been studied in KAIST since 1980. This talk briefly reviews the history of KAIST MRI research and introduces current progresses in MRI. Two-tesla MRI system, which was one of the highest field MRI system in the beginning of 1980's, had been developed in KAIST in 1985. Using this system, various imaging techniques had been developed and presented.
Recently, methods for quantification of diffusion parameters and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) parameters have been developed. And a new motion correction method was developed. All of these methods utilized deep neural networks. This talk introduces the latest progress in MRI research at KAIST.
The nasal cavity is one of the most important organs of the human body. Its various functionalities are essential for the well-being of the individual person. It is responsible for the sense of smell, supports degustation, and filters, tempers, and moistens the inhaled air to provide optimal conditions for the lung. Diseases of the nasal cavity
like chronic rhinosinusitis, septal deviation, or nasal polyps may lead to restrictions or complete loss of these functionalities [1, 2]. A decreased respiratory capability, the development of irritations and inflammations, and lung diseases can be the consequences.
The shape of the nasal cavity varies from person to person with stronger changes being present in pathological cases. A decent analysis on a per-patient basis is hence crucial to plan for a surgery with a successful outcome. Nowadays diagnostic methods rely on morphological analyses of the shape of the nasal cavity. They employ methods of medical imaging such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nasal endoscopy [3]. Such methods, however, do not cover the fluid mechanics of respiration, which are essential to understand the impact of a pathology on the quality of respiration, and to plan for a surgery. Only a meaningful and physics-based diagnosis can help to adequately understand the functional efficiency of the nasal cavity, to quantify the impact of different pathologies on respiration, and to support surgeons in decision making. This work presents a data-processing pipeline for planning surgical interventions in the respiratory tract, which contains the following steps:
(i) Super-resolution of CT data in case of an insufficient resolution
(ii) Automatic machine learning (ML)-based extraction of the upper airway and in- and outflow regions from CT data
(iii) ML-based flow-field initialization in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for accelerating the computation
(iv) Efficient high-fidelity simulations of respiratory flows including an automated analyses of relevant flow parameters
(v) ML-assisted surgery prediction for modifying the shape of the nasal cavity with the goal of optimizing its functionalities (suggestion of a surgery plan)
In many of these steps, ML techniques are employed to guarantee an automated or efficient usage of the pipeline. In (i), a super-resolution network (SRN) is used to increase the resolution of a CT recording, in case the resolution is too low for reliable CFD simulations [4]. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are employed in (ii) to extract the airway from the CT data, and to detect inflow and outflow regions automatically [5]. In (iii) - (iv), highly-resolved CFD simulations are conducted to yield accurate results for an analysis from a fluidmechanical point of view. To accelerate the simulation, the CFD solver starts from an approximated flow field generated by a physics-aware CNN (PA-CNN) in (iii) that integrates the Navier-Stokes equations into its loss function, before the simulation continues in (iv). In the final step (v), a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm is employed to modify the airway [6]. After each modification, the algorithm receives feedback in terms of fluid mechanical parameters from CFD simulations. The final structure of the airway then functions as the proposed surgery.
Ambient particulate matter with a size of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is associated with adverse effects on human health, and its chemical composition is very complicated. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS)-based non-targeted analysis is applied to analyze the mixtures of organic components of PM2.5 in this work. Soluble chemicals are essential for internal exposure of PM2.5 in humans, but chemical species that induce toxic effects in humans are not fully known. Excluding well-known toxins such as heavy metals and PAHs, this work focuses on detecting emerging soluble organic chemicals of PM2.5. PM2.5 samples were collected daily during two different sampling campaigns, January 15 to 21, 2018, and December 1 to 7, 2018, at Air Pollution Research Center in Seoul, Korea. A portion of each collected PM2.5 sample was extracted with water using sonication, followed by evaporation to bring the volume down to 34 times of concentration. The concentrated samples were then injected into UPLC-QToF-MS using the data-independent MS/MS (DIA) method. MS-Dial was used for in silico prediction of structural annotation and identification of the chemicals. About 14,000 chemical features were found in each sample, and all data were statistically analyzed by multi-variate analysis to show differences in different sampling campaigns. All of the results from principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) revealed differences between the two sampling campaigns. All chemical features were filtered by peak shape and MS/MS patterns compared to theoretical data for the chemical annotation. Peak intensity was also compared to filter the data by comparing quality control (QC) samples, pooling all samples for each sampling campaign, respectively, and filter blank samples. Consequently, 23 soluble chemicals were identified, and these chemicals were grouped into five groups: pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) related, biocide-related, traffic-related, tobacco-related, and others, as its usage. Concentrations of all chemicals in each sample were estimated based on their peak areas, and the relative quantification results of all chemicals for each sampling campaign were compared. Relative concentration for most of the chemicals was higher in January than in December, similar to the other characteristics of PM2.5, such as PM2.5 mass. There was an event of severe smog in January 2018 compared to December 2018, and the event, like air pollution, could be a factor of these soluble chemicals in PM2.5. Interestingly, 1,3-diphenyl guanidine (DPG) has an opposite result, showing lower in January and higher in December. Based on the possible source of this substance, factors like the amount of traffic on roads could be critical because its main source would be tires and tire wear particles due to its usage as a linker for polymers in tire manufacturing. This substance is of concern as one of the emerging chemicals in the environment, but this is the first report to find it as one of the components in PM2.5. Among these 23 chemicals, 13 chemicals were selected, and their absolute quantification analysis by LC-MS-based multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method with their reference standard materials for all samples will be performed to verify the quantification results in future works.
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans affects over 1 billion individuals annually by secreting toxin, candidalysin. In 2016, candidalysin was the first identified in human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Candidalysin is generated from parental protein Ece1p (271 amino acids), encoded by the ECE1 gene. Ece1p is processed by Kex proteinases, yielding 31 amino acids candidalysin peptide and seven non-candidalysin Ece1 peptides. The cytolytic peptide candidalysin is amphipathic, hydrophobic and cationic in nature (+3), properties that are hypothesised to be key factors during pore formation, membrane destabilisation and toxicity. Recently, orthologs of C. albicans candidalysin in C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis were identified. The candidalysin family of cytolysins have different amino acid sequences, are amphipathic, and adopt a predominantly α-helical secondary structure in solution.
Here, the molecular mechanisms of membrane permeabilisation by candidalysin toxins have been characterised using Orbit e16, a multi-channel recording technique. This technology enables to quantify the real-time binding of candidalysin peptides to reconstituted planar lipid bilayers on a chip. While applying constant membrane potentials to the bilayers, candidalysin wild-type and modified conjugates are added to the bilayer and membrane binding and disruption are detected by electrical current changes.
These are two major findings:
(1) Candidalysin family candidalysins bind to the bilayers and induce membrane permeabilisation like antimicrobial peptides (e.g. Melittin). The membrane permeabilisation properties can be quantified by measuring dwell times, which are defined as the time that elapsed between candidalysin addition and bilayer permeabilization. Shorter dwell times indicate faster membrane permeabilisation. At 2 µM of candidalysin, the candidalysins of C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis permeabilise the membrane 4 to 7 times faster than C. albicans candidalysin at 2 µM, indicating different potencies of candidalysin family toxins.
(2) The membrane permeabilising potential of candidalysin can be prevented by the presence of albumin. In electrophysiological current measurements, candidalysin preincubated with murine albumin shows slowed membrane permeabilisation function in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating that albumin neutralizes candidalysin cytotoxicity. In addition, the direct binding of murine albumin to candidalysin is confirmed by isothermal calorimetry technique, indicating hydrophobic interactions.
These observations identify important steps for C. albicans membrane transport at a molecular level.
A glycosynthase is a mutant enzyme that is made from a retaining glycosidase. A retaining glycosidase has a catalytic nucleophile and an acid/base (both, normally Asp or Glu) in the active site. When the catalytic nucleophile is mutated to non-nucleophilic residue, the mutated glycosidase cannot normally hydrolyse its cognate substrate, but still catalyses the glycosidic bond formation between an activated glycosyl donor with an opposite anomeric configuration and an appropriate nucleophile. The usual donor substrate is a glycosyl halide, which can be easily and cheaply synthesized in laboratory. Thus, it has a clear economic advantage over glycosyltransferases that use expensive nucleotide sugar substrates. Moreover, since glycosynthases supresses hydrolysis due to the removal of the catalytic nucleophile, the yield is normally high unlike glycoside hydrolases that catalyse a glycosidic bond formation under right conditions.
The current hurdle in the glycosynthase approach is the universally low kinetics and high substrate molar equivalence required to promote synthesis and supress still remaining hydrolysis. The low kinetics is inevitable since a glycosynthase is basically a mutant enzyme. The residual hydrolysis activity is a remnant of the ancestral activity. This project has attempted to address these issues of glycosynthase to make it a viable option to replace glycosyltransferase by applying a computation modelling. In this project, we avoided the long arduous laboratory screening process of directed evolution, and instead use Enzbond’s proprietary methods to design and screen novel mutants. The traditional complexity of the sequence-space relationship is intensified in reactions where there is a bifurcation of the mechanism (i.e hydrolysis and synthesis originate from the same point) as the residues surrounding and in direct contact with the substrate can play both additive and subtractive roles in observed activity. This temporal modulating behaviour results in an observed residue complexity that both directed evolution and artificial intelligence have difficulty in delineating. Utilizing Enzbond’s proprietary methods and technology, we were able to delineate the contribution of the residues and supress the hydrolysis mechanism even at stoichiometric loadings of the donor substrate. Mutations were conducted and mutants screened in silico, exploring the vast amino acid sequence space that could be achieved in laboratory. We have achieved an optimization of a glycosynthase activity based on Agrobacterium sp. glycosynthases (Abg), 2F6, which is a year-worth in terms of laboratory work and found a high-performance glycosynthase that can produce an aryl glycoside as a model product. In our optimisation, kcat/Km. of the glycosynthase 2F6 increased over 2 folds. This reaction has a potential to be applied to the synthesis of higher valued aryl glycosides such as flavonoid glycosides.
Based on our first generation data, further round of mutagenesis is expected to produce enzymes with improved activities. This study suggests a high potential of in silico mutagenesis to generate high activity enzymes that can be used in industry and may provide a framework for artificial intelligence algorithm.
DNA-virus filamentous bacteriophage (fd-coat proteins) are explored in the weak AC electric field [1,2], as well applied to other materials (in graphene oxide [3], lysozyme and carbon dots). Recently there is a great interest using the bacteriophage fd-viruses as a potential vaccine therapy due to the presence of many polypeptides. However, there are still unknown genomic “mutations” that may vary the major and side effect. Here, the morphological evidences and microscopic dynamics of field-frequency responses are presented in brief to explore the possible control of the field-controlled kinetics, and the rigidity and conformational states of bacteriophage fd, DNA-viruses regarding the solvency for the biochemical activities.
Modern urban space is inevitably changing in a rapidly changing urban society, such as changes in industrial structure, impact of corona pandemic, AI and big data, sustainability and coexistence.
As a result, the spatial experience of urban residents, what they demand from the city, and the urban structure are also very different from before. Technological, economic, social, and policy changes affect urban space physically, visually, and cognitively, and these changes are reflected in the spatial structure at the urban and architectural scale in various ways.
Looking at these trends emerging in modern cities, the purpose of this session is to comprehensively deal with research from various perspectives, such as urban regeneration, smart cities, inclusive cities, and urban restoration, to share international research trends related to cities.
The topics of this session are as follows.
The development and maintenance of built environments require continuous decision-making processes aimed at improving current conditions. By analyzing on- and off-site contexts, we have delivered outcomes of where and to what extent to develop, redevelop and refurbish built environments. With the continuous improvement of computational technologies such as geographic information systems and artificial intelligence, we have been able to efficiently and effectively identify relevant characteristics of built environments.
This presentation focuses on two recent studies conducted in my lab, the KAIST Urban Design Lab. The first study involved the development of new methods for predicting disaster risks in declining small urban areas. By analyzing present disaster risks and using climate change scenarios, we predicted changes in disaster risks in declining small urban areas. We collected risk analysis factors such as exposure, vulnerability, and mitigation capacity for eight hazards and calculated the risk of these hazards at present. By using climate change scenarios, such as RCP 4.5 and 8.5, and analyzing relationships between hazards, we predicted the future risk of these hazards. With the developed spatial database, we then developed a decision support system that visualizes disaster risks in small declining urban areas.
The second study aimed to visualize conceptual land use in a given urban block by developing a generative AI method. We used an AI model trained to comprehend forms, land uses, and density in urban blocks using a pix2pix approach, with data such land uses and densities collected from a small urban block in Seoul, South Korea. We established image datasets that included spatial information in urban blocks and developed an AI advisor for conceptual urban land use planning. This advisor generated and visualized land uses and densities, with colors and heights representing given urban contexts. This step was a significant advancement in the adoption of AI approaches in urban planning.
By utilizing advanced technologies, we have endeavored to help people make efficient and effective decisions to make cities better for humans.
Various efforts are being made to find scientific evidence on how the physical environment affects the human body and psychological state. This scientific level of research began in earnest at the end of the 20th century when it was revealed that the connection between the brain and the immune system was a crucial clue to maintaining health. Accordingly, the demand for evidence-based design based on the results of scientific experiments has recently increased. According to this background, this study derives, through VR-EEG analysis, the effect of windows and digital displays as spatial elements of small-scale single rooms judged to be poor environments such as Gosiwon, which is the poorest residential type in Korea, and the seclusion room of a psychiatric hospital. Its purpose is to adapt and present it as design criteria. In the case of Gosiwon, which is a representative example of poor living conditions in Korea, the Seoul Metropolitan Government recently regulated the minimum area of Gosiwon to be 7㎡, and the average area of seclusion rooms in psychiatric hospitals in Korea was found to be 7.4㎡. Therefore, in the VR of this study, a single room of 7㎡ is created, and an EEG analysis experiment is conducted by manipulating windows and digital displays. The VR-EEG experiment is conducted with 60 student subjects and statistical analysis is performed on EEG data. First, the healing properties of windows in space have already been scientifically proven, and its importance would be further doubled in small-scale rooms. The difference in EEG response according to the window size and installation height was analyzed. Second, recently, various images such as nature through digital displays have been proven to have healing effects, and the difference between the healing effects of digital displays and the healing effects of windows in a small room is identified and presented. Moreover, as the interest in and response to mental health of modern people under severe mental stress has become important, EEG analysis is performed by dividing mentally ill people, and the differences are analyzed to suggest implications.
From the perspective of diversity, an inclusive city should create an environment that reflects the needs of various residents and users, and children should be given top priority. In particular, children living in poor housing environments are prone to experience multidimensional deficiencies in their home and neighborhood environments. This study visited about 20 households of children living in poverty in Gyeonggi-do, a region around Seoul, and acquired in-depth face-to-face surveys and field survey data on children and their caregivers. Based on this, we closely examined the aspects of the poor residential environment that have not yet been resolved in the process of rapid urbanization in Korea over the past half century, and identified the poor living conditions and deficiency situations of children living in poverty in these environmental conditions. As a result, the problem of the underground living environment prevalent in high-density residential areas was serious, and it was found that children's health problems were greater than those of general children. In addition, it was found that securing a safe walking environment and various play and leisure environments are necessary as priority considerations for improving the community environment.
Railroads and ports are important transportation infrastructures that connect the national territory vertically and horizontally or even abroad. Reading these spaces as a dimension of urban regeneration means not only seeing them as transportation facilities, but also solving them from a convergent perspective of history, geography, humanities, and human beings.
During the period of industrialization centered on domestic manufacturing and heavy industry, which was created in the 1960s and 1970s, the functions of railroads and ports have been greatly changed due to population decline and changes in industries.
The decline of the existing port function, the adjustment of the location of the railway terminus, the change in logistics mobility, and the change in the industrial structure, etc.
As well as the change in the role of the railway terminus. It had a great influence on the urban space of the province, which developed around ports and railway stations.
This study establishes the direction of urban space planning by categorizing and deriving urban spatial characteristics through physical and qualitative investigations on the current status of areas where domestic railways and ports are connected. was trying to derive.
Conducting such research not only seeks to induce economic demand in a region where ports and railroads meet, but can also serve as a basis for a basic understanding that can reorganize a region's real estate flow and new industrial structure.
In other words, a Korean-style region that can be applied to the domestic environment based on accurate recognition of the current status and problems of the region including the domestic port-railway station area, rather than simply introducing advanced overseas cases by supplementing the limitations of existing domestic research and development cases. We tried to derive planning guidelines for regeneration.
Since facilities related to rail-port use are organically connected and these facilities have an important influence on the rail-port area, but are divided into architectural or urban dimensions, this study focuses on integrated regeneration planning techniques and It is meaningful to establish a program and apply it to the utilization of ports (waterfront) and railroad facilities or to long-term city plans.
As a visual object, OOH(Out-of-home) advertisements are exposed as landscape by pedestrians (Cho, 2009). The installation of OOH advertisements determines the image of the street and the city, and what appears as a set of local environmental features can be defined as OOH advertisement landscape (Lee, 2022). Korea's OOH advertisement landscape has been criticized for being the main culprit of visual pollution that hinders urban landscapes for more than half a century. Nevertheless, with the recent emergence of digital OOH advertisements, visual pollution is intensifying. First of all, the study investigates the validity of the recognition that OOH advertisements in Korea cause visual pollution by identifying, indexing, and analyzing the main factors that cause visual pollution. If the recognition is valid, it seeks the improvement measures. To this end, first, the visual pollution caused by OOH advertisements and their effects are theoretically reviewed. Visual pollution is a term used to describe the compounded effect of disorder, excess and clutter of various objects and graphics in the landscape. Elements such as wind turbines and cell towers cause visual pollution, but the most typically is associated with excess, disorder and cultural intrusion of outdoor advertisement. (S. Chmielewski, 2018). Second, analysis tool and indexes to evaluate the visual quality of OOH advertisement landscapes are derived. The elements that form the OOH advertisements landscapes are type, shape, size, quantity, display position, color, material, and lighting (Lee, 2022). Among these factors, the factors that cause visual pollution are identified and indexed. Third, visual pollution caused by OOH advertisements is evaluated for general commercial streets in Korea using the analysis tool and indexs. Based on this, it is proved that OOH advertisements actually cause visual pollution. Fourth, it seeks improvement criteria based on the analysis results. The problem of OOH advertisements in Korea is largely due to sociological factors, but one important reason is the lack of evidence in related standards. Quantitative analysis and argumentation on the visual quality and visual pollution of OOH advertisements help form a consensus and improve citizen awareness on urban landscape management through management of OOH advertisement.
Industrial mathematics is the field of mathematical methods and related to solving practical problems arising from lots of areas of industry. It includes a variety of subjects such as engineering, medicine, physical and biological sciences. It is one of the fastest-growing branches in applied mathematics and plays a growing role in developing robotics and automation systems, mechanical engineering, medicine, etc. Main issues in this field are developing and finding the most efficient mathematical methods to solve recent industrial problems that appear in important applications of mathematics This session is focused on recent deveolpments of mathematical methods in industrial mathematics and also deals with case studies on solving problems requested by company, hospitals and public institutes medical areas.
This research presents a novel approach utilizing deep learning techniques to enhance the accuracy of indoor localization technology using UWB sensors, with the specific goal of developing an indoor autonomous driving system that can follow or move near humans, such as a human-following robot. Notably, unlike previous UWB devices that rely on CIR data, the latest UWB devices utilize the signal delay between the target and anchor UWB to measure distance with high accuracy, and our proposed localization system is based on this distance data. Additionally, to address the issue of sensor noise and variable position error in non-line-of-sight environments, the proposed system calibrates the bilateration localization method that underlies multilateration techniques. Our experimental results demonstrate that our learning-based localization system outperforms traditional localization systems in reducing errors. It is well-known that deep learning algorithms can face challenges such as overfitting and generalization issues. However, the proposed algorithm in this research addresses these problems through several means, resulting in a more robust and effective deep learning approach for improving indoor localization technology.
According to the development of new machine learning technologies and prediction models using it, the application of machine learning is already very active in all research areas, including material design even in life sciences. Since artificial intelligence type model using machine learning has the powerful potential to compensate for the shortcomings of material development, we are very interested in material design with machine learning, especially, smart material designs.
Many smart materials have been developed recently, such as perovskite, which is a solar material. Among them, there is a lot of interest in thermoelectric materials. Thermoelectric materials are materials that can generate electricity when heat is applied, and can be applied to various fields such as recycling waste heat from automobiles, weapons development, and electricity generation for spacecraft.
However, despite the advances in science, until recently, materials design has required very large computational resources, such as first-principles calculations, and long development times. For example, calculating the configuration of single atom or molecular structure can take weeks to a month or more on a cluster-class computing machine, and it can take several months to years to determine whether the results are synthesizable.
Shortening the development period is a very important factor in the development of these increasingly demanded smart materials. Machine learning is emerging as an effective technology that can shorten the development period of materials based on existing data. By predicting material properties that can predict the power generation efficiency of thermoelectric materials, the effect of shortening the material development period can be achieved.
We have developed a machine learning model to predict material properties that can predict power generation efficiency, which is the most important aspect of thermoelectric material development, and have been able to confirm its effectiveness. In this presentation, we will present experimental data on thermoelectric materials obtained through our collaborative research and introduce the machine learning methodologies developed to predict the properties.
Digital dentistry refers to the digitalization of the entire process of dental treatment, including bone measurements, virtual surgery planning, occlusion analysis, and implant placement. With the recent integration of deep learning technologies, digital dentistry has become increasingly accelerated, and it is expected to significantly improve the efficiency of dentists' work and enhance patient satisfaction. In this presentation, we will introduce an integrated core software developed for digital dentistry. This software has the ability to improve the image quality of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and automatically segment the skull and individual teeth. It can also register all data obtained from various sources. Specifically, the metal artifacts in CBCT images are corrected using a deep learning-based correction algorithm. We have adopted an iterative correction method that imposes data fidelity outside the metal trace to retain the anatomical structures of the target image. Considering the difficulty of obtaining a paired dataset of metal-free and metal-affected CT scans, the simulation-based training method for metal artifact reduction was adopted. Moreover, the software uses a fully automated method to identify and segment individual teeth from dental CBCT images. The upper and lower jaws panoramic images was generated and used to overcome the computational complexity caused by high-dimensional data and the curse of dimensionality associated with limited training dataset. The integration of intra-oral scan (IOS) and dental CBCT images into one image is performed in three steps: individual tooth segmentation and identification modules for IOS and CBCT data, and global-to-local tooth registration between IOS and CBCT. Finally, a fully automatic registration method of dental CBCT and face scan data is adopted. This involves generating surfaces from the measured CT and facial scans, detecting facial points corresponding to the 3D landmarks, estimating 3D landmark positions, and performing the initial registration. The Iterative Closest Point method is then applied to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the registration of CT and face surfaces. Overall, these technologies are essential elements of digital dentistry that can significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of dental treatment.
Auscultation with a stethoscope has been an essential part of diagnosing patients with respiratory diseases and providing first aid. However, accurate interpretation and diagnosis of auscultation sounds relies on the expertise of clinicians, so it is important to develop an artificial intelligence-based diagnosis support system using respiratory sounds. In this talk, we propose a deep-learning based classification model for respiratory sounds recorded in the clinical setting.
Agricultural products are an important part of human life and account for a significant proportion of the market economy. Agricultural prices have a direct impact on the livelihoods of suppliers and the household economies of consumers. Therefore, governments around the world are making great efforts to stabilize agricultural prices. The price of agricultural products is determined by the supply and demand of the respective year [1]. Many researchers have conducted various studies on supply and demand to predict agricultural product prices [2,3]. However, agricultural production is heavily dependent on various variables and has strong nonlinear characteristics. In particular, the uncertainty of the weather makes agricultural suppliers uneasy and has a negative impact on the formation of stable agricultural prices. Previous studies have used deep learning methods of the LSTM series, which show excellent performance in predicting the time series data, to predict agricultural prices [4]. We propose using the Spectral Temporal Graph Neural Network (StemGNN) [5], a multivariate time series data prediction method that reflects the correlation between weather and different agricultural products in the price prediction process, for predicting the prices of agricultural products. One of the characteristics of StemGNN is that it automatically learns the correlation between time-series data using a Self-Attention mechanism, without using predefined correlations between data. This allows for better incorporation of weather characteristics (including 15 features such as temperature and precipitation) into the price prediction of each agricultural product compared to previous methods. In addition, StemGNN is composed of a combination of Graph Fourier Transform (GFT), which models the correlation between time-series data, and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), which models temporal dependency, making it appropriate for incorporating seasonality of each agricultural product into price prediction. The proposed StemGNN model is applied to four agricultural products (potatoes, lettuce, onions, and cucumbers), and its performance is compared with benchmark models using LSTM and attention-based LSTM. We also find the optimal input period for each agricultural product when using StemGNN.
Optoelectronic materials promise innovative and accessible technologies for human civilization. In the last few decades, advances in optoelectronic materials surged in display, photovoltaic, sensor, and photocatalysis technologies.
This session aims to share interdisciplinary information and discuss such various technologies. This session covers recent innovative progress in, but is not limited to:
- display materials,
- photovoltaic materials,
- sensor materials, and
- photocatalysts.
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs)-based light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) has been actively researched due to the potential impacts to the display and lighting industry base on the unique properties of QDs itself such as size-dependent bandgap tune ability, narrow emission spectrum, and low-cost solution-based processing.
Introduction
Indiumphosphide (InP) based quantum dot (QDs) has been considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to Cd-based QDs due to their promising photoluminescent (PL) and electroluminescent (EL) properties and potential for the display market. Here, the research efforts on improving the efficiency and stability of InP EL-QD-LED and the remained challenges of PL applications will presented including current investigations. Our broad understanding of the design approach InP QD materials can provide new opportunities to overcome the remained research issues for the commercialization of QDs in the next-generation information display market. Since the inkjet printing technology for patterning of QD layers is essential for the full-colour display applications, we will also present the related activities.
Green and red InP QD-LEDs
InP-based QDs have been identified as one of the most promising materials for green and red emission in displays. The high and stable QY of InP-based QDs can be accomplished by controlling the confinement of electron and hole wave functions under the electric field and the charged conditions in the device in order to have high EQE of QD-LEDs. The alloyed QD core structure would be the favourable QD design for efficient EL devices because it can provide a smoothed quantum confinement in the core, which minimizes Auger quenching. The confined electron and hole wave functions in the core and additional proper shell design i.e. optimized thickness and materials will reduce the exciton polarization under the applied electric field and provide the effective passivation of particles. InP-based inverted device has been experienced the lack of efficient electron injection into the conduction band minimum (CBM) of the InP-based QDs due to the higher energy off-set from the CBM of ZnO nanoparticle (NP) electron transport layers (ETLs). Therefore, the Mg-doped ZnO (i.e. ZnMgO) NPs which has the higher CBM as compared to the ZnO NPs are often used the alternative ETLs. In this research, a ZnO/ZnMgO bilayer was utilized as the ETL in order to improve the electron injection into the synthesized red InPZnSeS/ZnSe/ZnS QDs.
QD-LED Printing
Green and red InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs and blue ZnSeTe/ZnSe QDs were sophisticatedly designed for application in QD-LEDs by optimizing different precursor, shell thickness, and organic surface ligands. Optimizing charge carrier balance and the recombination zone in the multi-layered device structure is key for the development of highly efficient and stable InP-based QLEDs. Developing high-performance QD-LEDs based on InP-based QDs is quite important to bring QD-LEDs into the future market. Our results show that InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs and blue ZnSeTe/ZnSe QDs are the most promising candidates for the Cd-free QD-LEDs considering QY, FWHM and performance in the device. Finally, several layers of such QD-LED structures can be easily ink-jet printed.
Starting from hole injection layers and cross linked HTL the solution-based InP QDs of the three main colors of a RGB-display can be printed. Based on these printing processes, the way paving to a fully ink-jet printed QD-LED display in the near future.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the Korea government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) for financial support via “2016 Consulting business through utilization of excellent technical manpower in Germany” and funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 862410.
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite photovoltaic has achieved unmatched improvemtnes of their power conversion efficiency in the last decade. Nevertheless, nonradiative recombination of charge carriers due to bulk and interface defects still reduces the open-circuit voltage and the efficiency of perovskite solar cells. Incorporating additive, process optimization and interface engineering are effective approaches employed to reduce such issues. Here, we develop quasi-2D p-i-n perovskite solar cells incorporating an alpha-methylbenzyl ammonium iodide (MBAI) cation with outstanding photovoltaic performance and stability. MBAI incorporation results in films with excellent optical and electrical properties, leading to higher VOC of ~ 1.15 V, FF of above 77 %, and power conversion efficiencies in the range of 18 %. Our encapsulated solar cells show excellent operational stability under white light illumination in ambient air for >1000 hours. Due to the simple and robust preparation process, the investigated inverted perovskite solar cell can easily be combined with other solution-processed thin film solar cells to form multi-junction devices and can easily be integrated into different lightweight and flexible products like drones or wearable sensors.
In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on the need for sustainable practices and the circular economy. This has put pressure on industries, including the fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites sector, to develop efficient recycling technologies to minimize waste and environmental impact [1-4].
To achieve effective recycling of FRP composites, the focus is primarily on recovering the valuable fibrous reinforcements. Separating the fibres from the polymer matrices is a crucial step in the recycling process [4,5]. However, it can be challenging due to the entanglement of the fibres during the composite's original manufacturing and usage. Therefore, early-stage separation and dispersion of the fibres are necessary before they can be realigned and reused in the manufacturing of new composites.
Among the recycling methods, pyrolysis stands out as a commonly used technique for fibre reclamation. Pyrolysis involves subjecting the composite to high temperatures in a controlled environment, which causes the resin to decompose and transform into volatile compounds. This process reduces the molecular weight of the resin fragments and breaks down the char on the fibre surface [5,6]. As a result, reclaimed fibres are obtained.
While pyrolysis offers a promising approach for fibre reclamation, further advancements are needed to optimize the efficiency and quality of the reclaimed fibres. Researchers and industry professionals are exploring innovative techniques to enhance the recycling process. This includes investigating alternative methods such as solvent-based processes and mechanical methods to separate and recover the fibres effectively.
The recycling of FRP composites is not only essential for waste reduction but also for resource conservation and cost-effectiveness. By reclaiming and reusing fibres, the composites industry can reduce its reliance on virgin materials, decrease energy consumption, and minimize the carbon footprint associated with the production of new composites. Furthermore, recycling technologies contribute to the development of a more sustainable and environmentally conscious industry.
Therefore, FRP composites offer excellent mechanical properties but present challenges in terms of recycling. The separation and reclamation of fibrous reinforcements from the polymer matrices are crucial steps in the recycling process. Pyrolysis is a widely used method for fibre reclamation, but further advancements are needed to improve its efficiency. Developing effective recycling technologies for FRP composites is essential to reduce waste, promote circularity, and achieve sustainability goals in the composites industry. By implementing efficient recycling practices, the industry can contribute to a more environmentally friendly and resource-efficient future.
In this study, a groundbreaking technology known as High-Performance Discontinuous Fibre (HiPerDiF) has been developed in the University of Bristol. This technology offers a promising solution for the remanufacturing of composites by producing highly aligned discontinuous fibre prepreg tapes through fibre dispersion. HiPerDiF technology focuses on achieving precise alignment of the fibres within the composite material. By dispersing the fibres in a controlled manner, the technology enables the creation of prepreg tapes, which are sheets of composite material with fibres embedded in a resin matrix. The alignment of the fibres plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical properties and performance of the composite.
Thus, a closed-loop recycling process is suggested, and reclaimed carbon fibres for this process are obtained after the surface treatment to get the better surface functional groups on the fibres. The mixing of reclaimed fibres in water was compared to water soluble fibres used commercially for this recycling process. The effect of mixing behaviours with fibres in water as working fluid were analysed experimentally with both surface treatment fibres and their counterpart.
Development of electroluminescent quantum dots (EL-QDs) has been retarded from their trade-off between processability and electrical property. Long alkyl chain-based ligands have been applied to achieve dispersion stability in organic solvents; insulating nature of the alkyl chain is detrimental to device performances. To circumvent this issue, we selected a new series of adamantane-based ligands for surface modification of EL-QDs. Our strategy was successfully applied to ZnSeTe-based blue-emitting EL-QDs. Compact and bulky features of adamantane resulted in close-packing of the quantum dots in thin film, concomitantly guaranteeing high dispersibility in organic solvents. An electroluminescent device containing the adamantane-modified ZnSeTe-based quantum dot showed lowered driving voltage, 14-fold improved luminance, and 13-fold increased lifetime compared to that with a conventional dodecane-modified one as a control.
Rapid advances in semiconductor technologies, wide bandgap compound semiconductors such as GaN, high frequency materials and electronics, and the next generation wired and wireless communication systems allow us to deliver benefits to the society that have not been possible ever before, for example, 5G/6G, Internet of Things (IoT), and high-speed lower-power data centers. In parallel to this, the unique properties of electromagnetic waves enable the use of RF and Microwave technology as a platform for interdisciplinary research projects in tackling global challenges such as non-invasive physiological signal monitoring and rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases.
This session not only focuses on RF and microwave circuits and system design for the next generation wireless and wired communications, but also aims to invite researchers from fundamental Science and industry involved in interdisciplinary research projects who work with RF and microwave technology.
The presentation covers the current state of semiconductor optical sensors and applications, including case studies on sensor development through electrical and optical TCAD simulations. Various types of semiconductor optical sensors are becoming increasingly important in the IoT domain, especially in environmental, smart home & building, augmented reality, autonomous, wearable, and mobile applications. Indeed, we live in a world of sensors. One could find many sensors in our surroundings – e.g. color (RGB and XYZ), proximity, spectral ambient light, and 3D time-of-flight & structured light sensors in mobile & wearables; 3D iToF and structured-light sensor for the driver and in-cabin monitoring for improved safety (alertness, HOD, occupancy) in automotive, mobility, security, and industrial applications; various imaging and biosensing in medical applications. By co-integrating optics and electronics on the same chip, high functionality, high performance and highly integrated devices can be fabricated, while using well-developed semiconductor fabrication process.
Main purpose of TCAD simulation is to “support the device/process development & analysis”, “suggest new device concepts and process flow/conditions”, and partly “failure analysis”. It is very useful tool to reduce development costs and duration during process integration investigation in advance before fabrication. In general, optical characteristics extracted from the TCAD simulation match well the measurement. Key optical properties of semiconductor devices such as standard photodiodes, CMOS image sensors, avalanche photodiodes, single photon avalanche photodiodes, solar cells, plasmonic devices and nano-metal filters can be investigated/optimized through TCAD simulation.
o Background: The practical inverter model has frequency-dependent parameters, which mean that the designed filter may produce results that differ from the targeted filter specifications in terms of FBW changed and center frequency shifts. To address this issue, a frequency conversion function is proposed that takes into account the frequency dependency of the inverter characteristic impedance or admittance. While a conventional circuit has been proposed to improve the frequency dependence parameters, the frequency dependency for the impedance of the inverter has not yet been resolved.
o Objectives: We present a proposed method for designing a wideband bandpass filter (BPF) that compensates for frequency dependency based on the image admittance and image phase.
o Methods: We have added a new admittance compensation method to the conventional method that compensates for phase frequency variations. While an idealized impedance or admittance inverter has characteristic immittances K or J and a phase shift of 90° at all frequencies, practical inverter models used in implementing the BPF structure exhibit frequency dependency based on image admittance and phase terms. After compensating for admittance and phase, the proposed circuit is obtained. We have carried out simulations of the 3rd and 5th order based on both the conventional and proposed BPF.
o Results: Our proposed method efficiently improves both the frequency shift and unwanted bandwidth when designing filters with more than 20% of bandwidth. In contrast, the conventional method exhibits frequency degradations at a 10% Fractional Bandwidth (FBW).
o Discussion or Conclusion: This paper presents a BPF design method that takes into account the frequency variations of the inverter. The proposed filter design method improves upon existing approaches by compensating for frequency variations in the image admittance.
We verify the proposed design theory through simulation and measurement results. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method by using a capacitive coupled BPF with a SAW resonator. Our results confirm that the designed BPF not only satisfies 10% FBW, but also exhibits no frequency degradation.
We present a 120 GBd 2.8 Vpp,diff driver for InP Mach-Zehnder modulator using 55 nm SiGe HBTs. The output impedance of the driver has a differential 2 × 25 Ω, matched to the optical modulator. The measured 3 dB bandwidth exceeds 67 GHz, and output P1dB is about 16.7 dBm at 1 GHz. The variable gain using the Gilbert-cell is implemented, and 2.1 dB gain variation is measured. The total harmonic distortion is 2.5 % at 1 GHz. The power consumption is 960 mW. The eye openings up to 120 GBd are characterized exploiting the impedance conversion IC, which is de-embedded afterwards. The post-processing of the de-embedding results in the rail-to-rail voltage output of 2.8 Vpp,diff. And, We also present a novel flexible RF substrate and interconnection technologies for > 100 GHz applications. In this contribution, the author will address flexible substrate technology for RF applications and present measurement results for test coupons. A 3 mm flexline is flip-chip bonded onto Si substrate and measured. 3 dB frequency of about 70 GHz was obtained and material parameters model for EM simulation was investigated.
Hydrogen energy is considered to be the next generation of renewable energy. Green hydrogen is defined as hydrogen produced by splitting water with electricity generated by renewable energy sources such as solar or wind. Green hydrogen is often mentioned first when discussing a zero-carbon society. This session aims to cover green hydrogen production, storage/delivery, utilization technologies, and electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies.
To significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, energy transition is highly demanded from carbon-based fossil fuel to clean fuel, hydrogen. How to store and transport hydrogen safely, easily, in large volumes, and for a long time in the upcoming hydrogen society is an important technical challenge. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers(LOHCs) are the key technology for storing and transporting hydrogen. Up-to-date studies to secure LOHC systems have mostly concentrated on hydrogenation/dehydrogenation catalysts and process development once a target chemical is widely accepted by the associated community. Albeit this looks like a reasonable approach, one must professionally evaluate and address how much feedstock quality swings conversion efficiency, product yield, byproduct formation, etc.
The research presented in this talk was devoted to understanding LOHC systems from the chemical point of view by identifying the structural isomeric composition of LOHC and reaction intermediates during de/hydrogenation. Our findings through the molecular engineering approach represent distinct and important progress in the development and comprehension of LOHCs as the hydrogen infrastructure.
In this era of decarbonization, green hydrogen production is a key technology for coping with intermittence of renewable energy and establishing a decentralized energy network. Against the existing studies, such as onshore and offshore platforms, we propose a new concept “nearshore green hydrogen production & liquefaction platform”. This platform has a few advantages over offshore or onshore plants, primarily in the diverse selection of system components. Since the cost is a critical element, and it influences the commercialization of hydrogen production, we first classified system components and estimated the production cost/capacity for each scenario, which is presented here. The analysis was performed in terms of electricity supply, water treatment, electrolyzer, and storage technology. Additionally, it provided production capacity by different ship sizes. Furthermore, we performed conceptual design works for the most desirable case, including 3D model of the ship. For 100 MW scale green hydrogen production, the results showed that the plant can produce 38 TPD of H2 and costs 6-8 $ to produce 1 kg of H2. With this scale we would be able to install the same at Aframax. Based on this study, KENTECH & HD Hyundai group got AiP (Approval in Principle) from ABS and can provide options that meet the requirements of the customers.
Climate technology is a key component of mitigating greenhouse gas and adapting to climate change, and its effects can be expanded to global scale. Thus, it is crucial for countries to cooperate on developing and deploying prominent climate technology to combating to climate change. Hydrogen sector is considered as one of the most important sectors for just energy transition in the future. However, hydrogen technology still needs to be developed and demonstrated to contexts of various environments in the world. International R&D cooperation is essential to improve hydrogen technology and industry and to deploy this technology for attaining sustainable development. We tentatively determined priority on cooperation by comparative analysis on national strategy of each country. Hydrogen production with fossil fuel is expected to be dominant in the short-term (2030) while most countries have a strategy of producing hydrogen with renewable energy in the long-term (2050). In terms of sector on hydrogen utilization, Canada, United Kingdom, and Unites States have the broadest interest. The Republic of Korea is interested in transport, power, and building. Canada and Japan are of interest for hydrogen R&D cooperation because these countries comprise similar interest in terms of hydrogen utilization sector. An analysis on international publication and patent by R&D showed that China, Japan, United States, Korea, Germany, France, and Russia are most active countries despite some variation in the ranking upon value chain (production, storage and transport, or utilization). Technological and engineering specifications of companies in the countries were investigated and then comparatively analyzed. With consideration of the above investigation and analysis on relevant national strategies and technologies, we suggested the methodology of international R&D projects, focusing on hydrogen production, transport and storage, with some countries. This approach can contribute to developing an international R&D project on new climate technology sector.
There is significant recent interest in clean hydrogen production from renewable water electrolysis. However, the costs of green hydrogen are more than twice as expensive as fossil fuel-based production [1]. The largest single-cost component is renewable electricity; thus, plenty of catalysts have been developed to reduce the required electrical energy (i.e., less overpotential). Usually, the alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) operates with a voltage of ca. 2 V due to ohmic and overpotential-derived loss (0.7~0.8 V) [2]. Some promising catalysts, such as Co- and Ni-based metal-oxide catalysts, are known to have a prominent temperature dependence (overpotential decreases at ca. 4 mV/°C) [3], taking this as an advantage, reactivity can be enhanced by providing a heated electrolyte. Our intended solution is to introduce a heat-tolerant electrolyser integrated with a chemically resistant solar thermal collector, allowing the utilisation of low-grade heat directly from solar energy. In this work, we discuss key dimensional design aspects of the thermal collector for alkaline electrolyser, considering the control feasibility of operating temperature and fluidic parameters. Furthermore, we also demonstrate our proof-of-concept experimental results using our alkaline electrolyser integrated with the solar-thermal collector at an elevated temperature.
Industry-academia-research institutes in Korea and Germany established an active network through two-way cooperation platform to develop leading technologies in the fields of Materials-Components-Equipments to commercialize the results, and to share business ecosystems for the growth of small but strong domestic companies so that they can grow as hidden champions with global competitiveness.
Germany's Fraunhofer Institute, which offers world-class technology in the fields of materials, components, and equipment, is selected as a global cooperation base, and domestic SMEs, research institutes, and universities with expertise in the relevant industrial technology field develop nano-micro technology and cutting-edge technology through close R&D cooperation.
Among them, Fraunhofer IKTS and Yonsei University specifically established a dual R&BD cooperation platform between Germany and Korea aiming to fulfil the above-mentioned goals to develop leading technologies in semiconductors, future materials, next-generation energy, and biomedical device fields.
Industry-academia-research institutes in Korea and Germany established a dual Research & Business Development (R&BD) platform for two-way cooperation to develop leading technologies in the fields of Materials-Components-Equipment to commercialize the research and development outcomes, and to share business ecosystems for the growth of small but strong domestic companies from both sides so that they can grow as hidden champions with global competitiveness.
Germany's Fraunhofer Institute, which offers world-class technology in the fields of materials, components, and equipment, is selected as a strategic global partner along with domestic SMEs, research institutes, and universities in Germany to develop cutting-edge industrial technologies through close collaboration.
This talk will briefly introduce the dual R&BD platform established between Fraunhofer IKTS in Germany and Yonsei University in Korea aiming to fulfil the above-mentioned goals to develop leading technologies in the fields of advanced materials, semiconductor equipment, next-generation energy solutions, and biomedical devices.
This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) and Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) through the International Cooperative R&D program. (Project No. P0019811)
Due to the combination of the advantageous properties of both ceramic materials, the material combination ZrO2/TiOx (titanium suboxides) offers interesting fields of application, e.g., for electrodes for the generation of cold plasmas, for cleaning or for the electrolytic splitting of water. ZrO2 contributes its mechanical strength and electrical insulation properties to the material composite, while titanium suboxides are known for their electrical conductivity but also for low mechanical strength. Processing both materials via Vat Photopolymerization into complex shaped components is very challenging, not least because of the opacity of the dark titanium suboxide to visible and UV light. In this presentation, results of a German-Korean research project between the partners Fraunhofer IKTS and KIMS are presented. Besides the presentation of the lithography-based MultiCAMP process, the development of components from the mentioned material combination via multi-material additive manufacturing and subsequent thermal co-processing will be discussed.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a fabrication process that uses digital information from a computer-aided design file to stack 2D layers of various materials to produce a 3D object, without requiring any part-specific tooling. The use of AM technology in ceramics has attracted significant attention as it can overcome the serious limitation of controlling the complex 3D structure based on the brittleness of the ceramics, and has advanced remarkably in the last decade. The digital light processing (DLP) technology, which can produce 3D complex structures with high structural accuracy and precision using a light source of a projector to cure photo-curable polymer, is one of the representative AM technologies. However, it still has limitations in its application to multi-material AM. Our group has developed an original DLP-based system, which has been designed specifically to overcome the complications of the typical vat-type DLP system. Our system consists of a multi-film-type material feeding system with a 180-horizontally rotatable stereolithography module and a unique washing module, to prevent contamination between different materials, for structures with multi-material distribution. The system and its processing have been successfully optimized for 15 types of materials. Using this system, we have been able to precisely control one-layer thickness from 5 m and co-print multiple components in one structure after considering the thermal behavior of each material with a high resource efficiency. The effectiveness of our technology has been evaluated by a collaboration with Fraunhofer IKTS based on the ICON (Fraunhofer project) and Eureka (KIAT project) projects since 2018. We have confirmed the printability of the functionally graded material structures as well as core-shell structures using two different functional materials.
The production of biocompatible implants by 3D printing as well as the development of new biomaterials suitable for 3D printing processes is crucial for novel medical applications. Until now, quality monitoring of products manufactured by medical 3D printing has been based mainly on empirical data from the printing process and post-process testing. The lack of inline quality assurance for additively manufactured parts is a critical technological barrier as it prevents the wider use of additive technologies, especially for high-value applications such as medical products. In the future, inline quality assurance would be of particular importance for printing personalized medical devices. In this contribution, the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for quality sizing of 3D printing processes is presented. The development and integration of an optical measurement system for 3D printer systems, such as an extrusion-based bioprinter and a selective laser sintering-based printer, is demonstrated. This included the system design and setup of OCT measurement heads specifically for both printer types, as well as the evaluation of the recorded inline and offline OCT data regarding the influence of different printing parameters and materials. The newly developed system design strongly depends on the process parameters, the available space in the 3D printer and the printing process itself.
Sol-gel chemistry usually starts from liquid raw materials. These undergo hydrolysis and condensation. A sol is formed. Further condensation and/or solvent evaporation leads to a gel. IKTS uses these processes mainly for coatings and membrane preparation. Pure inorganic sols are used to form porous membranes of silicon dioxide, titania, zirconia or alumina for use in liquid filtration, membrane distillation, pervaporation, gas separation and extraction. A lot of commercially available organically modified alkoxy silanes allow to prepare organic-inorganic hybride gels. Coatings of these materials are used by IKTS for surface protection against corrosion and wear. Also electrical insulation and non-stick coatings are possible. Our unique PLASMAGEL coatings combine plasma spray with sol-gel coatings. An actual KIAT funded project with the Korean partner Sealink uses these coatings to improve the performance of rotary feedthroughs in high vacuum applications. For fire protection purposes a new transparent and flexible laminate was developed.
Mechanical systems comprise numerous components that undergo relative motion while in contact with a countersurface. As the parts move, they inevitably experience frictional interaction which directly influences the degree of energy dissipation or consumption. With prolonged motion, the surface of the mechanical components may be degraded due to wear, and ultimately lead to complete failure of the mechanical system. Therefore, to achieve high energy efficiency and reliability of the system, the tribological properties of the moving components need to be optimized.
Seals are important mechanical components that are subject to failure due to frictional interaction during operation. There are numerous types of seals depending on the application and the operating environment. Tribological issues are particularly critical for seals operating in a vacuum system since lubricating oil cannot be utilized to reduce friction. Hence, in the case of seals used for vacuum feedthrough applications, there is a great challenge to overcome the friction and wear issues related to the seal system.
In this work, the general working principles of seals and their tribological properties were investigated. Furthermore, the difference in the friction and wear of mechanical components between ambient and vacuum environments was assessed. It has been previously reported that the vacuum environment poses a severe sliding condition from the friction point of view due to an increase in surface energy which may lead to more adhesive interaction between the sliding components. For the experiment work, a pin-on-disk type of a tribotester was designed and situated inside a vacuum chamber. The shaft material was used as the disk specimen and the countersurface was made in the shape of a rounded pin. From the experiments, the friction and wear properties of the seal components could be effectively assessed. These results are expected to aid in optimizing the design of seals for high vacuum feedthrough development.
Microfluidic system is a small portable system that can complete sample pretreatment, separation, dilution, mixing, chemical reaction, detection, and product extraction. These systems can increase analysis speed and efficiency as well as reduce the consumption of samples or reagents. Moreover, the process of analysis can be completely automated, eliminating human interference, preventing pollution, and allowing for efficient repeating of experiments. The microfluidic chips used in laboratory medicine are representative of this technology. Microfluidic devices have been widely used in chemistry, biology, physics, engineering, and biomedical sciences. Microfluidic devices are considered mobile devices because a sample analysis can be performed entirely within the small, portable device. The reduced reagent use of microfluidics is also beneficial in areas with scarce resources or challenging terrain. Miniaturization and a low reagent consumption reduce the cost of each experiment, facilitating detection activities in underdeveloped areas.
The proposed talk will focus on several applications of microfluidic devices for point-of-care diagnostics and organ-on-chip applications demonstrating a substantial influence of microfluidic systems on the applications of POCTs in medical diagnosis and highlighting the last developments of Fraunhofer team.
Here, we present two different applications of responsive hydrogel, which can be prepared by electrospinning or micropatterning processes. The first application is the use of responsive hydrogel for soft actuators. We fabricated a soft actuating system based on hydrogel-incorporated fibers by combining electrospinning and hydrogel lithography. Fibrous passive and active layers were stacked and connected together by a hydrogel micropattern coupling layer. The combination of stimuli-responsive PAA or PNIPAAm with a PCL-based passive layer caused the bending and unbending of the multilayered fibrous actuator when the pH or temperature was changed. The computational simulation was also performed and revealed that the bending characteristics of the actuator are determined by the size and mechanical properties of the active layer relative to those of the coupling layer.
The second application is the use of bioresponsive hydrogel for biosensing. we monitored the volume changes of bioresponsive hydrogels using the concept of moiré patterns. To generate a moiré pattern, a hydrogel grating with microgroove patterns was fabricated via replica molding, which was then overlaid with a reference grating with a different pitch size. Although the change in the pitch size of the hydrogel grating due to external stimuli was small, a much greater signal could be obtained when moiré signals were used. After the pH-responsiveness of the hydrogel was successfully monitored using a moiré pattern, quantitative detection of the target protein was performed using an antibody-incorporated hydrogel. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and platelet-derived growth factor were selected as the model proteins, and our proposed system successfully detected both proteins at nanomolar levels. In both cases, the pitch size change of hydrogel grating was monitored much more sensitively using moiré patterns than through direct measurements. The changes in the moiré signals caused by target proteins were detected in ex-vivo environments using a custom-made intraocular lens incorporating the hydrogel grating, demonstrating the capability of the proposed system to detect various markers in intraocular aqueous humor, when implanted in the eye.
The need for an accurate and rapid diagnosis platform for highly contagious virus such as pandemic virus has been increased rapidly. At the initial stage of quarantine, conventional diagnostic method for the prevention of epidemic confronted those limitations such as long operation time, occupation of large space, and high cost per single operation. Here, we report a highly sensitive and selective portable diagnostic platform based on photonic polymerase chain reaction. The thermal cycle is operated by the heat energy converted from the photon energy of light emitting diode (LED) through gold layer. We applied the innovative combination between NHCs linker and thin gold film to our newly developed diagnostic device. The interfacial chemistry of a novel structure, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), has a special property under thermal stress by forming covalent bonds with the (111) plane of gold. The stable chemical linker to harsh environmental conditions (temperature, ions, and pH) enabled immobilization of bio-probe or anti-quenching interfacial chemistry for further experiment. We developed a new photonic PCR system for RSV diagnosis using a portable scanner-integrated device by overcoming existing few limitations. Effectiveness evaluation of the photonic PCR system was performed via clinical samples from 100 infected patients, and the copy number trend from photonic PCR showed a correlation with the Ct values from RT–PCR. Statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate the discrimination diagnosis ability between samples positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2, showing a sensitivity of 98%, a selectivity of 99%, and an accuracy of 96.4%. In addition, a high-velocity photonic scanner was introduced for on-site application, and fluorescence images from performing PCR were obtained under 7 min. Finally, photonic-based portable systems, e.g., the photonic PCR-integrated high-velocity scanner, can be used to carry out DNA amplification and fluorescence measurements within 15 min. Based on these results, portable scanner-integrated photonic PCR can be utilized on-site in molecular diagnosis of various diagnoses.
NO is a free radical molecule synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the process of converting L-arginine to L-citrulline in cells. It has various physiological roles in the body, depending on the concentration of NO. Low concentrations of NO are involved in vasodilation and serve as cellular signal transduction. In contrast, at relatively high concentrations of NO, it is known to be involved in immune regulation and tissue destruction by reacting with reactive oxygen species. Preliminary results have revealed the potential of NO for BBB disruption, although its mechanism has not been clearly demonstrated. In addition, its practical application has been limited owing to the poor stability and uncontrollability of the release of NO. Therefore, a stimuli-responsive and on-demand NO-delivery system is a prerequisite for the transport of therapeutic agents through the BBB.
In this study, we report the design of a multifunctional system comprised of NO-releasing N,N′-di-sec-butyl-N,N′-dinitroso-1,4-phenylenediamine (BNN6) and piezoelectric barium titanate nanoparticle (BTNP) coated with polydopamine (pDA). The nanoparticles can generate both NO and direct current only in response to ultrasound. We investigated the ultrasound-responsive NO-releasing profile of the nanoparticle and its NO-mediated BBB opening, as well as the mechanism of BBB opening by NO. We verified the crucial role and the mechanism of NO-mediated temporary BBB opening, and show that the piezoelectric nanoparticles can alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease in the animals.
NO is also involved in the immune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, selective depletion of overproduced NO with nanoscavengers is a promising approach for treating RA, preventing both oxidative/nitrosative stress and the upregulation of immune cells. However, its practical applications are limited owing to the minimum time interval between intra-articular injections and unwanted off-target NO depletion. Herein, we report the rational design of an injectable in situ polymeric aggregate-embodied hybrid NO-scavenging and sequential drug-releasing gel platform for the combinatorial treatment of RA by incorporating a “clickable” NO-cleavable cross-linker. This network is held together with polymeric aggregates to achieve a self-healing capability for visco-supplementation and on-demand dual drug-releasing properties, depending on the NO concentration. Moreover, consecutive NO-scavenging action reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in LPS-stimulated macrophage cell lines in vitro. Finally, the intra-articularly injected M-NO gel with anti-inflammatory dexamethasone significantly alleviated the symptoms of RA, with negligible toxicity, in animal models.
Stationary Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in the large scale will play an essential role in near future energy supply. The corresponding market numbers indicate that BESS becomes more and more attractive, even in the economically point of view. Nowadays the marked is clearly dominated by Li-Ion technology. Driven by the mobile application marked, this technology reached an impressive technological maturity at attractive costs at the same time. However, some restrictions such as a shortage of raw materials, safety issues and physicochemical limits in energy density will stimulate the demand for alternative BESS technologies quickly. So called post-Li-ion technologies are inevitable for solving the mentioned limitations connected to Li-ion cells. One of the most promising candidates for taking over a huge share of BESS installations in the close future are sodium batteries. The substitution of lithium with sodium while simultaneously replacing the liquid electrolyte with a ceramic solid electrolyte is an auspicious alternative. This approach results in a viable sodium-based solid-state cell concept. It promises excellent thermal stability, low flammability, high safety, high specific energy, and long cycle life. The sodium-ion conducting sodium-beta alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), up to now only known for its use in high-temperature applications, is a suitable solid electrolyte candidate for solid-state cells operating also at middle- to low-temperatures. The presentation will give a scientific insight into ongoing R&D activities at Fraunhofer IKTS. Starting at lab scale material science level, battery cell and module developments as well as BMS and system developments will be drawn. Latest results from ongoing industrialization projects will impressively show the potential of IKTS developments.
Sodium-nickel chloride batteries are a highly efficient and intrinsically safe energy storage technology. [The research activities at the Fraunhofer IKTS address the comprehensive investigation of all related materials, components, and processes. This covers the electrochemical cell behavior described with the given equation.
Ni + 2 NaCl ⇌ NiCl2 + 2 Na E0=2.58 V at 300 °C
The cathode material consisting of nickel, sodium chloride, and some additives is crucial for the later full-cell performance. In general, sodium-nickel chloride batteries use a high amount of nickel to provide excellent electrical conductivity. To exchange and save the costly and critical nickel, carbon materials were coated with a small layer of nickel to substitute the over-stoichiometric amount of nickel at sufficient electrical conductivity.
The nickel-coated carbon materials were prepared by dry compaction to granules. The feasibility study showed that the high compaction force does not destroy the nickel surface. The electrochemical test reached a specific capacity of up to 180 mAh*g-1 at a nickel reduction of up to 36 %. These are promising results for further development in the field of sodium-nickel chloride batteries.
"Advanced Technologies in Space Engineering and Applications" session is a platform for experts from academia and industry to share their knowledge, research, and experiences in the field of space engineering and applications. With the rapid advancements in space technology, it has become increasingly important for academia and industry to collaborate and work together to tackle the challenges and realize the full potential of space-based solutions. In recent years, the space industry has experienced tremendous growth, with many startups successfully raising funds and making significant contributions to the field. The success of these startups highlights the growing demand for space-based solutions and the need for continued innovation and collaboration in the field.
Space engineering and applications have been the backbone of several key technological advancements that have transformed our lives and impacted the world in numerous ways. New space launch technologies, such as reusable rockets and vertical landing capabilities, have the potential to reduce the cost of access to space, and make it more accessible to a wider range of countries and organizations. The development of satellites and the advancement of satellite communication systems have enabled us to connect with people from all corners of the world and access information instantaneously. The use of remote sensing and earth observation techniques has helped us better understand our planet and address environmental issues such as climate change. Space exploration has expanded our understanding of the universe and opened new frontiers for scientific discovery.
However, despite these remarkable achievements, the challenges of space engineering and applications are numerous and complex. It is increasingly important for academia and industry to collaborate to address these challenges and take advantage of new opportunities. By sharing their knowledge, resources and expertise, academia and industry can leverage each other's strengths and develop innovative solutions to the challenges of space engineering and applications.
By bringing together experts from academia and industry, this technical session provides an opportunity for the exchange of ideas and experiences and promotes collaboration between the two communities. The discussions and presentations during the session will highlight the latest technological innovations and applications in space engineering, and will provide a forum for experts to explore new ideas and opportunities for collaboration.
This session will address following topics,
- Space System Integration and Testing
- Spacecraft Design and Development
- Rocket Propulsion and Launch Technologies
- Orbital Mechanics and Trajectory Analysis
- Advancements in Satellite Technologies
- Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Techniques
- Space Debris Management and Mitigation
- Interplanetary Exploration and Deep Space Missions
- In-orbit Servicing and Maintenance of Satellites
- Space-based Navigation and Positioning Systems
For future space and energy applications, it is crucial that they can withstand high temperatures in (hyper)supersonic flows and high heat flux in nuclear fusion reactors. For instance, future hypersonic vehicles experience temperatures above 10,000 K at Mach number 20 due to viscous dissipation in the boundary layer [1]. Additionally, thermal requirements of high temperature components for nuclear fusion reactors are demanding under 10 MW/m2 in steady-state condition and 20 MW/m2 in transient conditions [2]. However, conventional thermal management techniques struggle to operate reliably under such harsh conditions. Therefore, the development of cooling technologies is essential to realize the full potential of future space and energy applications [3-7].
This presentation aims to introduce advanced cooling techniques based on thermal design procedures for future space and energy applications. Firstly, a comprehensive analysis of the thermal-fluid characteristics on applications will be presented [3-4]. Using experimental and simulated methods, the internal and external thermal-fluid characteristics of aircraft systems will be discussed, along with the cooling system requirements based on specific system conditions. Secondly, advanced cooling techniques that meet the system requirements will be presented [5-6]. Two approaches will be discussed. The first involves 3D cooling structures manufactured using additive manufacturing, a process that is not feasible with conventional manufacturing methods. The second approach focuses on phase change heat transfer processes, which can achieve higher heat transfer coefficients, which magnitude is at least one order higher magnitude than single-phase heat transfer processes. Thirdly, based on the thermal-fluid characteristics and advanced cooling techniques, a thermal design process will be proposed to ensure reliable system operation under harsh thermal conditions [2,7]. The thermal design procedure will be illustrated using the example of a nuclear fusion reactor, demonstrating how it can be applied to realize a reliable mechanical system.
I hope that this presentation helps to understand the importance of thermal management in future space and energy applications. Furthermore, researchers in thermal engineering will gain insights into the thermal design procedure, which can be applicable to various mechanical systems.
This presentation describes the micro SAR satellite being developes by Hanwha systems. The satellite adopts a flat plate shape rather than a conventional type of deployable satellite. In addition, the SAR payload introduces electronic beam steering to improve mission performance. The presentation introduces the features and adventage of Hanwha systems' micro SAR satellite.
In this presentation, small SAR payload which is developing by Hanwha systems will be introduced. Our micro SAR consists of digital control unit, radio frequency unit, electrical frontend, and antenna unit. Each unit is divided by functional module and we will present each function, shape and experimental performance. The purpose is that our mircro SAR payload will be on-boarded and launched on micro satellite (<100 kg).
In principle, architecture is public. But at the same time it is private in terms of motivation, assets and approaches. This business is industrial but also academic, since architecture forms people's lives and this life is more demanding than a simple cottage.
The academia and industry of architecture are closely linked historically. When there were needs for people's activities, architects have found the solution. After the industrial revolution, building culture was established with principle. The great architect Ernst May was a leading predecessor who expanded the architectural field with science. At the beginning of the 20th century, Olympic Games took place in Germany. The Nazi government wanted to show their industrial success to the rest of the world by building impossible architecture using concrete and steel structures with constructional revolution in academia. The architect used the German Autobahn, which was also being built at the time, to transport prefabricated components to the construction site. It has greatly reduced construction time.
Now the architects have to expand their field. Architecture is not isolated, but connected with a social, ecological context. War, energy crisis and global warming happened unexpectedly (or slowly unconsciously), but we must confront them now. In all industrial fields, architecture has the largest area on earth. Therefore, architecture is the most influential industry and should be carefully established and reviewed by academia.
Sustainable architecture is understood to mean various subjects such as landscape, energy and recycling. Landscape includes not only green areas, but also all outdoor areas planned in an ecological way for human activities. Energy is actually a separate area, but devices and equipment for energy must be well integrated into architecture and saved when used. Recycling is one of the most important issues of the time in terms of reducing CO2 emissions. Buildings don't last forever, so the materials have to be dismantled and reused at some point. Also, systematical approach to produce architectural drawings, such as schematic planing and execution planing, has been established in industry thanks to development of BIM, which was previously researched and presented by academia about their efficiency and feasibility.
In this section, various topics related to architecture are presented with an exchange between academia and practice. The order of the presentations will be planned as dialogue between both areas. Experts from academia in various subjects will be invited to present contemporary issues such as ecology, energy and urbanism and translate them into architectural perspectives. Architects will then present the use of theory in practice and in industry, for instance urban residential project with ecological concepts or new construction methods with recycled concrete.
In addition, I wish this section as an exchange opportunity not only between academia and practice, but also among experts in European countries and Korea. As we saw in the Russo-Ukraine war, every domestic problem impacts globally. Idea exchange will take place in this section, how we as architects and architecture experts can position ourselves in this new world and broaden our horizons.
With the adoption of the National Document on Authenticity at the 1994 National Conference, a definition of "authenticity" was codified as a requirement to be inscribed on the World Heritage List. But even before authenticity was defined for these judgments, it was a concept that had long been embedded in Western architecture.
Authenticity is deeply linked to materiality in Western perception. The Corinthian marketplace where the Apostle Paul supposedly preached had become a holy site, and a piece of the Berlin Wall is a monument that sells for a fortune. Every single column, beam, and facade of a historic building is protected as heritage. When renovating a listed heritage, the materials of each element, as well as the production and construction methods, are important.
The historically agreed upon Western concept of authenticity is first challenged in the case of Ise Shrine. Every twenty years, Ise Shrine is built, torn down, and replaced the same temple on neighboring land. The value of Ise Shrine cannot be explained in traditional Western notions of authenticity. Ise Shrine, which is being restored every 20 years, can be said to be authentic because the old and new shrines are connected by ritual tradition.
The crisis of authenticity brings an extension of its definition. In the process of reconstructing a building, the focus is on continuity from the past to the present, rather than maintaining the formal values of the original. The Athenian Charter states that the newly restored part should be distinguished from the original. The modern layer is placed in a new way on a building with hundreds of layers from the past. Jakob Kleihues argued for a critical restoration of urban space at the 1987 IBA. Reconstructing urban space means preserving the memory of a building's footprint, volume, façade, and so on - in other words, reconstructing its atmosphere. Authenticity is linked to atmosphere.
The question, "Does authenticity remain when material is converted?" can be answered by asking, "Does atmosphere remain when material is converted?" And the answer is yes. The great architects of Greek temples built stone structures by mimicking timber structure. The transition of materials in architecture is a very old topic. This session will introduce the changing view of authenticity from the perspective of architecture and materials, and discuss the contemporary meaning of authenticity, especially in the case of building reconstruction.
The presentation explains the method of “Maquette Figure” (Figure Model) and “organigramme” (Organization Chart), with two architecture projects in master’s program in ENSA Paris-Belleville. “Maquette Figure” serves as a device that defines the sense of a project, which represents the relationship with the context and the spatial configuration. It’s structured by orthogonal planes, then planes placed on the context express the dilation(expansion), the tension, the compression, the directionality, and the orientation, by their proportions and the relationship with the surrounding. “Organigramme” builds the functioning and the articulation between the programs of a project. It contains blocks of different programs linked to each other, like chips in circuits of a motherboard, colored to represent classifications and proportioned to represent surface areas.
“Maquette Figure” can easily be read as a geometry to be built, but it’s not a direct translation of physical forms but rather a spatial guide that structures the project with its goal to keep the crucial concepts even when spaces become complex. “Organigramme” is more than a two-dimensional representation of programs, but it expands to three-dimensional composition; it means that the blocks of programs are not rooms and corridors to be drawn on a rigid plan, but it organizes the relationship between programs whether in plans, in sections, or even in perspectives. As two elements develop on each part, they are combined with colored, measured, and structured figures that then leads to an architecture.
Each of two projects applying the method has a different context and objectives, one in a highly urbanized residential area in Paris and another in a rural town called Meung-sur-Loire at the riverside of Loire, but both keep the core idea of the approach. The project in Paris has three main programs, a student residence, a mediatheque, and a swimming pool. It focuses on improving urban condition of the site and developing an organic articulation between the three programs. The project in Meung-sur-Loire is also a multi-program project, which includes agriculture, sports, and commerce. It expands to a territorial scale with three figures interacting with the limit and the urban situation of the town, and its programs aim to integrate the core production activity, agriculture, into a daily domain.
Urban Design According to Artistic Principles (Der Städtebau nach seinen Kün-stlerischen Grundsätzen) is a book by the Austrian-born architect, urban planner and theorist Camillo Sitte (1843-1903), subtitled “Architecture and Monuments with a Specific Relation to Vienna”. This is a dissertation aimed at resolving the contemporary questions of sculpture. It is a masterpiece of urban design theory that seeks a better direction based on an analysis of various cases of historical cities centered on plazas and an accurate understanding of the shading of urban design and expansion plans in Europe in the 19th century.
In the late 19th century, when Camillo Sitte was active, large-scale urban development and expansion took place in Europe, driven by rapid industrial development and imperialism. Urban design methodologies that prioritize only functional aspects, such as square or circular squares, large-scale central roads, and grid systems that are easy to expand, have spread rapidly. The facilities are a product of the old era and are gradually disappearing. But what is new in urban design (since Sitte's era is a powerful means of urban design, the limits of the blind mindset that the superiority of technology can overthrow everything else) are clear. This is because it is the environment itself formed by the accumulation of people's eternal lives on one place.
The fundamental question posed by Camillo Sitte in this book can be understood as “How can the practical and artistic aspects be harmonized in urban design?” He tried to find the answer while comparing the appearance of the city that appeared in the late 19th century and the previous historical city. Through research on cities in various eras from the ancient times, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance to the Baroque, centered on external public spaces, especially squares, the shapes of buildings and external spaces and the effects created by the relationship between the two are delicately pointed out, and the modern Establish artistic principles of urban design that can also be applied to urban systems. Based on the representative problems of cities realized in the 19th century and the identified principles, Camillo Sitte concludes by proposing a very specific and practical improvement plan for urban design in the downtown area of Vienna at the time.
There are many differences between the Central European region at the time the book was written and the current political, economic, and diplomatic situation around the Korean Peninsula. In addition, it is also true that the severity or degree of resolution of each of the inevitable issues of the city, such as publicity, density, sanitation, and mobility, also differs from region to region according to the maturity or technological level of the social system. On the other hand, comparing Vienna, Austria at the end of the 19th century and Seoul, Korea at the beginning of the 21st century, both cities are experiencing a period of cultural and artistic revival based on economic growth, and interest in the quality of life is changing the transportation-oriented urban space to human (pedestrian) There are also similarities that they began to connect with the social will to change to the center.
In this session, Camillo Sitte 's book is analyzed from the perspective of contemporary urban design, and based on this, the history and present of public spaces inside and outside Korean cities are analyzed, and major issues and possibilities of sustainable urban planning are discussed.
Play is a natural and essential activity for human development. Through play, children learn about themselves and the world around them. Playgrounds are spaces where children can engage in different types of play and experience different play elements. Playfulness is the quality of play that makes play fun, enjoyable, and meaningful. The purpose of this study is to propose a method for exploring and categorising playful elements in playgrounds.
First, the presenter will brief the concept and history of play and playgrounds. It traces the historical development of playgrounds from the 19th century to the present, and explores how playgrounds have reflected social and cultural values across time and place.
Next, the presenter analyses the playfulness of playgrounds based on the four elements of play proposed by French sociologist "Roger Caillois". He categorised play into four types: competition, chance, imitation, and vertigo. Competition is play to beat an opponent or achieve a goal, such as in football or basketball. Chance is play that relies on luck or randomness, like dice games or the lottery. Imitation is play that involves imitating a specific person or situation, such as role-playing or puppet play. Dizzying is play that causes confusion and dizziness, like carousels and roller coasters. Applying these four elements, the presenter analyses existing playgrounds in terms of design features, ride types, user behaviour, and emotional outcomes.
It also suggests how to consider connectivity, usability, appropriateness, and variety as components of an educational outdoor playground. These elements can enhance the playfulness of a playground and promote children's overall development.
The right play elements on a playground can stimulate children's curiosity, creativity, problem-solving skills, social skills, emotional skills, and physical skills. By exploring and categorising play elements in a systematic way, we hope to provide useful guidelines for playground and landscape designers who want to create more playful and educational environments for children.
Astronomy and astrophysics provide valuable insights into our present and future by uncovering the fundamental laws that govern the cosmos, rather than being just subjects that explore the past of the Universe. Recent discoveries in these fields have demonstrated that the universe is far more intricate than previously thought, creating more questions than answers. For instance, the origins of matter and energy, the conditions at the universe's dawn, and the existence of habitable exoplanets still remain elusive.
In this proposed session, we will discuss innovative astronomical concepts and technology that are based on a sophisticated understanding, with the aim of inspiring new research directions and deepening our appreciation of the universe's mysteries. We will also explore cutting-edge tools in astrophysics, such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), which will revolutionize our understanding of the universe through their advanced capabilities.
Since the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe [1,2], observational cosmology using Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), the thermonuclear explosions of white dwarfs, has entered a mature stage. However, the physics of the SNe Ia, such as a progenitor system and explosion mechanism, are still not fully understood [3]. Regarding the progenitor star, current studies use a host galaxy environment as a proxy of the progenitor star and the dependence of SN Ia luminosity, after the standard light-curve corrections, on host galaxy properties has been well established [4-6].
Recent studies focus on the local environment (e.g., local star formation rate (SFR), mass, and color) where the SN exploded, considering that this is more directly linked to the SN progenitors [7-9]. However, there is a debate about the local environmental, specifically local SFR, dependence of the SN Ia luminosity. There is a recent claim that the dependence is insignificant (0.051 ± 0.020; < 2.5σ), based on the local SFR measurement made by fitting local photometry data with the LePHARE spectral energy distribution fitting code [10]. However, we find that this photometric local SFR measurement is inaccurate. We argue this based on the theoretical background of SFR measurement and the methodology used to make that claim, especially due to a limited range of extinction parameters used when running LePHARE. Therefore, we re-analyse the same host galaxies with the same LePHARE code, but with more physically motivated extinction treatments. We estimate global stellar mass and star formation rate, and then local star formation environments are inferred from them. We show that there is significant local environmental dependence of SN Ia luminosities: SNe Ia in locally star-forming environments are 0.072 ± 0.021 mag (3.4σ) fainter than those in locally passive environments, even though SN Ia luminosities have been further corrected by the BBC method [11] that reduces the size of the dependence.
The MIDAS (Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System) atomic force microscope on board the Rosetta comet orbiter investigated and measured the 3D topography of a few hundred nm to tens of μm sized dust particles of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with resolutions down to a few nanometers, giving insights into the physical processes of our early Solar System.
We analyze the shapes of the cometary dust particles collected by MIDAS on the basis of a recently updated particle catalog with the aim to determine which structural properties remained pristine. We develop a set of shape descriptors and metrics such as aspect ratio, elongation, circularity, convexity, and particle surface/volume distribution, which can be used to describe the distribution of particle shapes. Furthermore, we compare the structure of the MIDAS dust particles and the clusters in which the particles were deposited to those found in previous laboratory experiments and by Rosetta/COSIMA. Finally, we combine our findings to calculate a pristineness score for MIDAS particles and determine the most pristine particles and their properties.
We find that the morphological properties of all cometary dust particles at the micrometer scale are surprisingly homogeneous despite originating from diverse cometary environments (e.g., different collection targets that are associated with cometary activities/source regions and collection velocities/periods). There is only a weak trend between shape descriptors and particle characteristics like size, collection targets, and cluster morphology. We next find that the types of clusters found by MIDAS show good agreement with those defined by previous laboratory experiments, however, there are some differences to those found by Rosetta/COSIMA. Furthermore, our pristineness score shows that almost half of MIDAS particles suffered severe alteration by impact, which indicates structural modification by impact (e.g., flattening and/or fragmentation) is inevitable despite the very low collection speeds (i.e., ∼ 3 - 7 m s−1). Based on our result, we rate 19 out of 1082 MIDAS particles at least moderately pristine, i.e., they are not substantially flattened by impact, not fragmented, and/or not part of a fragmentation cluster.
The advancement of technology has brought about a revolution in how we store and use energy. With the growing demand for portable electronic devices and the increasing need for sustainable energy solutions, the development of energy storage systems has become crucial. In this session, we will delve into the journey of secondary batteries, from lead-acid to lithium-ion and beyond, exploring their evolution and current state-of-the-art technology. We will also examine the industry's current challenges and opportunities for improvement. This session aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current and future trends in energy storage systems, highlighting the need for further research and development in this field. Whether you are an industry professional, researcher, or just interested in the topic, this session will provide valuable insights into the current state of the industry and future trends. Join us on this journey to discover the next generation of energy storage systems and how they will shape our future.
Liquid metal electrode batteries are a promising solution for sustainable energy storage due to their low manufacturing costs and high recyclability.[1] However, to improve their viability, they need to operate at lower temperatures, higher voltages, and be membrane-free.[2,3] In this study, we present a novel membrane-free battery design based on liquid alkali metals and iodide. The battery construction involves a simple assembly process without any solid-state mediums for separating the electrolytes.[4] Despite the unoptimized cell design, the membrane-free A-AI batteries exhibit promising electrochemical performance, including stability for 250 cycles and high current density, implying the possibility of an iodine-concentrated layer forming at the bottom of the cell. These findings demonstrate the potential of membrane-free A-AI batteries as a cost-effective and eco-friendly energy storage solution.
Rapid advances in semiconductor technologies, wide bandgap compound semiconductors such as GaN, high frequency materials and electronics, and the next generation wired and wireless communication systems allow us to deliver benefits to the society that have not been possible ever before, for example, 5G/6G, Internet of Things (IoT), and high-speed lower-power data centers. In parallel to this, the unique properties of electromagnetic waves enable the use of RF and Microwave technology as a platform for interdisciplinary research projects in tackling global challenges such as non-invasive physiological signal monitoring and rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases.
This session not only focuses on RF and microwave circuits and system design for the next generation wireless and wired communications, but also aims to invite researchers from fundamental Science and industry involved in interdisciplinary research projects who work with RF and microwave technology.
Spectrum, in the context of mobile broadband communications, refers to the range of electromagnetic frequencies used for wireless transmission of data and information. Mobile carriers and service providers use different frequency bands within the spectrum to offer mobile data services, voice calls, and other wireless applications to end-users. Spectrum is a primary and yet scarce resource in broadband mobile networks. Therefore, selling spectrum to mobile carriers is an important process because it allows for fair distribution of the limited frequency resources among competing service providers. It also generates revenue for the government or regulatory agencies, which can be used for various purposes such as improving infrastructure or funding public services.
This talk emphasizes the significance of spectrum availability for the expansion and enhancement of mobile broadband networks. The talk also discusses the growing need for wider spectrum bands to accommodate the ever-increasing data traffic and support emerging technologies such as 5G and beyond. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges faced by service providers in acquiring sufficient spectrum resources and the importance of effective spectrum management and allocation policies to ensure fair and efficient utilization.
The GaN is a representative wide band-gap compound semiconductor for efficient connectivity and energy systems in the future. The GaN is rapidly expanding in commercialization as a high-frequency HEMT using a 2DEG structure and a power-switching device having a high breakdown field. Among them, high-frequency power HEMT is applied to power amplifiers with wide-bandwidth characteristics and high output power density. There used in sub-6GHz RF front-end systems represented by 5G mobile telecommunication. In addition, expanding usage of PA MMIC in satellite communication applications and transmitter modules in military radar systems are using GaN HEMTs and MMICs.[1]
However, the GaN HEMT device should solve problems beyond the 5G system and ultra-high frequency applications, such as reduced output power due to current collapse, reduced drain efficiency, improving linearity, and short channel effect due to gate shrink. Epi-structure optimization is trying as one of the ways to solve these problems. Doping in the buffer layer[2], buffer-free structure[3], and GaN on GaN homo-epitaxy[4] are being developed to minimize the charge trapping effect and improve linearity. The thin barrier with high Al composition of AlGaN layer is developing to improve the short channel effect. A 150nm gate length process to cover up to 40GHz, minimizing an ohmic contact resistance[5], and inner source via structure is under development as a device process technology.
It is also researching the binding of diamond layers with GaN HEMT to improve heat dissipation concentrated in active areas. The GaN-on-diamond device is researched by directly deposing the diamond layer to the device structure and combining the diamond layer as a heat-spreader. The GaN-on-diamond device has the advantage of lowering the junction temperature by more than 30% under the same driving conditions and improving output power by more than 20%.
The microwave SSPA using GaN HEMTs can replace existing magnetron and vacuum tubes in various industrial, scientific, and medical fields. The GaN SSPA can output hundreds of W to 1 MW in the band from kHz to GHz. It has a reliable lifetime of more than 10 times that of conventional magnetron. The GaN SSPA can easily control the center frequency and uniform output by digital control. It has huge potential for various industrial applications such as high-temperature industrial heating applications, plasma sources for semiconductor equipment, and power sources for green hydrogen production.
The burgeoning population and industrialization around the world have resulted in an immense surge in the demand for energy [1]. To meet this need, it is crucial to develop advanced technologies that can offer reliable and efficient solutions. Power semiconductor devices are vital components of a wide range of energy conversion and control systems, including power electronics and renewable energy sources. Although silicon has traditionally been the primary material for power semiconductor devices, silicon carbide (SiC) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its superior properties such as higher thermal conductivity, higher breakdown voltage, and higher electron saturation velocity [2]. These properties lead to higher efficiency, reduced losses, and improved reliability, making SiC devices ideal for high-power, high-frequency and high-temperature applications.
This presentation aims to underscore the importance of SiC power devices and to discuss some of the manufacturing challenges associated with SiC devices. Furthermore, the presentation provides an overview of the SiC power devices that are currently being developed at Fraunhofer IISB. The different MOSFET concepts, including planar gate, trench gate and super-junction MOS transistors, and the challenges associated with each are thoroughly discussed.
The required frequency is increasing according to the communication generation and various researches such as MMIC and beamformer IC are being conducted accordingly. In addition, in order to safely mount these ICs and preserve designed performance, development of ceramic package is being actively conducted. Conventional ceramic packages focus on hermetic, reliability, high heat dissipation and low loss. However, as the unit length of the transmission line decrease due to the increase the required frequency, there is a lack of commercialization research such as an antenna on/in package and an integrated package that includes an isolator or divider(or combiner). Therefore, in this paper, the main process for the the conventional package is introduced, and a Ka band antenna on package having broadband and high gain performance is proposed. The antenna on package proposed in this paper is based on a sinuous antenna in which a dipole and spiral are fused, rather than a planar patch array structure. As a result of simulation, it has bandwidth of 25GHz to 31GHz and the maximum gain was measured as 10.2dBi.
Global demand for Ammonia is expected to reach 688 million ton by 2050, well above triple of current demand which is 183 million ton. Conventional Ammonia synthesis is through Haver-Bosch process with fossil fuel, responsible for nearly 2% of global CO2 emissions. Despite of the growing demand, ambitious targets to achieve Carbon-neutrality by 2050 are deterring traditional Ammonia generation. It is inevitable to deviate from the traditional route and explore other options.
A promising transition is Green Ammonia, 100% carbon-free and renewable choice of route. Green Ammonia is a broad term depicting Ammonia generated with renewable energy and Hydrogen from water electrolysis.
This session invites experts on this path to next generation Green Ammonia. It aims to find out technological, industrial and political aspects in regards to the subject, not limited to progress, hurdles, supporting EU regulations, direction of the development, and potential applications that may expand Ammonia industry in the future.
TBA
Andrea Guati Rojo is Stakeholder Relations Manager at Ammonia Energy Association, responsible for managing AEA's internal and external affairs and the AEA certification scheme. She performed the first-ever empirical study on green ammonia public acceptance, examining the development of ammonia projects in Mexico and the UK.
Her presentation will cover:
-Conventional Ammonia production technology and existing infrastructure
-Environmental influence of Ammonia production in the aspect of Carbon emission, resource consumption, etc.
-Global policies/regulations/incentives that address Green Ammonia production
-EU Policies/regulations/incentives that address Green Ammonia production, and how those compare to those of other countries.
The presentation will cover below topics:
-Status of European Ammonia Industry in production, logistics, and application aspects.
-Green ammonia production status in European countries
-Commercialization of Green Ammonia and limitations
Hydrogen strategies and high level energy transition roadmaps pinpoint ammonia as a carbon-free energy vector, beyond its traditional use as feedstock for fertilizers and chemicals. Therefore, ammonia also has a central importance in solving the urgent energy-, feedstock- and food security questions around the world.
Current demand side of ammonia market in Germany and South Korea will be presented. Through some concrete examples I will highlight the evolution of the supply side of renewable ammonia around the world, along with economic estimates on production costs.
Recognizing the intermittency of solar and wind energy supply poses not only technical but also economic challenges in the commercialization of renewable ammonia synthesis, I show our approach to tackling this challenge on laboratory and pilot scale.
HP3
New technologies in biology and bioengineering such as DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, advanced microscopy, robotics, bioinformatics and synthetic biology are revolutionizing the field of biology with the potential to improve human health, crop yields and lead to new discoveries. These technologies are allowing scientists to read genetic code, make precise changes in the genetic code, see cells and structures in greater detail, streamline experiments, analyze and interpret large amounts of data and design and construct new biological parts, devices and systems which do not exist in the natural world.
Overall, new technologies in biology are providing scientists with the tools they need to make breakthrough discoveries and improve human health. As research continues, we can expect to see even more exciting developments in the near future.
Single-molecule fluorescence studies reveal valuable structural and functional information on biomolecules. However, conventional single-molecule methods have limited sequence diversity due to time, effort and cost constraints. To overcome this, we combine surface-based single-molecule fluorescence with next generation sequencing, enabling massively parallel single-molecule experiments for millions of sequences. Our technique provides sequence-dependent biophysical and biochemical properties at the single molecule level, advancing our understanding of molecular structures and functions and enabling more accurate models in biomolecular engineering.
The migration of immune cells from one organ to another is critical for their differentiation and function1,2. T cells play critical roles in multiple sclerosis, a human disease characterized by the demyelination of neurons and detrimental damage to the nervous system3. The lung is involved in this process by accumulating myeloid cells and educating myelin-reactive T cells to be more susceptible to disease development4,5. However, it remains to be explored whether processes in the lung can be used for therapeutic interference.
Here, we report that [Pyr1]-Apelin 13 (A13) treatment leads to reduced disease development and severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Following A13 treatment, immune cell entry into the brain was strongly reduced, whereas immune cell accumulation in the lung was further increased. Further arguing for a primary effect of A13 in the lung, the receptor for Apelin, APJ, shows strong expression in adult pulmonary endothelial cells (ECs) but not in brain ECs.
Investigation of A13 effects on ECs reveals that A13 treatment reduces inflammatory gene expression of ECs in vitro and in vivo. In addition, APJ-expressing ECs show weaker VE-Cadherin+ junctions than other ECs, whereas A13 treatment increases junctional VE-Cadherin together with the internalization of the APJ. These changes significantly hamper immune cell trafficking as well as proper clustering formation.
Based on the sum of our data, we propose a beneficial effect of A13 treatment in the development of autoimmune disease through the alteration of immune cell clustering and trans-endothelial cell migration in the lung. These results suggest the lung as a novel therapeutic target for neurological autoimmune diseases.
The 1 subunits (CACNA1 family) of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LTCCs) play significant roles in brain function and neuropsychiatric disorders. Transcription of LTCCs is complex, with each 1 gene producing multiple isoforms. CACNA1S and CACNA1F were reported to have short-length transcripts from their 3’ region in the human brain which were not well characterized. Moreover, whether other CACNA1 genes also produce the 3’ transcripts have not been studied.
This thesis aims to identify and understand the short-length transcripts arising from the 3’ region of LTCC genes in human brain, especially CACNA1S and CACNA1F, using a series of technical approaches and analyses. Firstly, using PCR amplification and long-read nanopore sequencing, multiple 3’ transcripts with exon-skipping possibilities were identified. Secondly, 5’ Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (5’ RACE) identified the 3’ transcripts as being complete transcripts, arising from alternative transcription start sites (TSS). These findings were corroborated by exon expression level findings from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data. Analyses using PhyloP showed that the 5’-untranslated region (5’-UTR) of the 3’ transcripts are more conserved than the intronic regions. Finally, the translation and localization of the protein encoded by each 3’ transcript was investigated in transfected HEK-293T and SH-SY5Y cell lines. All proteins were detectable by western blot. C-CaV1.3 (encoded by CACNA1D) localized to the nucleus in both cell types; C-CaV1.2 (encoded by CACNA1C) translocated to the nucleus in the excitable (SH-SY5Y) cells but not the non-excitable (HEK-293T) cells. C-CaV1.1 and C-CaV1.4 (encoded by CACNA1S and CACNA1F respectively) were not localized to the nucleus.
This thesis shows that LTCC 1 subunit genes produce 3’ transcripts using alternative TSS in human brain. Their potential functionality is supported by the evolutionary conservation of their 5’-UTRs and by their translation in vitro. However, further studies are required to identify the significance of these transcripts for brain function.
The proposed session on "Inclusive Development through Appropriate Technology and STEM Education" aims to address various appropriate technologies for promoting inclusive growth such as smart factories, intelligent manufacturing, and robotics for their applications in areas such as ODA, SMEs, vulnerable populations, and regional development. It will also focus on the integration of STEM and engineering education.
This session will provide a platform to showcase the latest advancements in these fields and real-world examples of how these technologies can help address global challenges such as climate change, humanitarian aid, ESG, etc.
The goal is to facilitate knowledge exchange and encourage international and interdisciplinary collaborations among speakers and participants. The session will be co-organized with Scientists and Engineers Without Borders (www.sewb.org) and I-DREAM (www.idream4all.org) and will cover the following topics for presentation and discussion.
Our newly developed active paper-based open chips, fabricated by inkjet printing, and their application in lab automation will be presented. This technology simplifies the workflow and improves reaction accuracy compared to conventional methods, which often require multiple pre-treatments, mixing, separation, and thermal treatment on a single paper chip design.[1-3] We will discuss the fabrication process of these chips and showcase examples of biosensors and point-of-care applications. Our paper devices can serve as an alternative tool for disease detection in developing countries, where cost-effective and accessible diagnostics are urgently needed.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are about 1 billion disabled people around the world, accounting for about 15% of the world's population. However, disabled people in each country are socially disadvantaged and do not receive human life support in their daily lives. Since 2019, we have been carrying out a self-sufficiency project for medical rehabilitation assistive devices with engineering technology to improve the daily lives of the disabled.
While introducing the open source platform for assistive devices in Korea, I would like to introduce excellent cases in Japan and Canada. This makes it easy to manufacture and design daily life aids for the physically disabled if open source is used even without professional knowledge and equipment.
Since 2019, GONGSAENG has been operating an inclusive maker space for the socially disadvantaged, including the disabled and the elderly. I would like to present cases focusing on the university collaboration project and the Laos assistive devices self-sufficiency project that was actually promoted in the field.
We propose a new approach to Engineering Education based on the concept of the vertical integration. The approach can be seen as a variant of the problem based learning (PBL). Through the use of vertical integration concept, we can develop a new way to motivate students to acquire meta-knowledge that is becoming evermore important for the successful professional practices in the 21st century. Under this scheme, students in wide range of disciplines, that are not necessarily limited to science and technology, can actively collaborate to define appropriate problems and formulate proper solutions to them. The concept of vertical integration opens up a possibility of producing a brand new learning environment where professors in the academia, professionals in the real world, undergraduate students as well as masters and PhD students are actively work together to acquire knowledge and apply their professional skills. We try to clarify what we mean by “meta-knowledge” and discuss the philosophy behind the idea of vertical integration. Also, we present some of the actual cases that are attempted at Pohang University of Science and Technology in Korea as well as some of the universities in Nepal, Mongolia and Philippines.
The topic of "inclusive growth" has emerged as a new interest worldwide. In 2014, among Korean scientists and technologists in Europe, the Inclusive Development Research Association for Mankind (I-DREAM, https://idream4all.eu) was "established" in Paris, France. Since its establishment, the association has been developing and providing appropriate technologies and carrying out related activities with the goal of promoting economic self-sufficiency and improving the quality of life of communities around the world.
The I-DREAM has been seeking activities to promote networking among Korean scientists and engineers mainly in Europe, as well as to raise awareness of inclusive development among the next generation of Korean youth. I-DREAM has been hosting sessions on inclusive growth and appropriate technologies at conferences for Korean scientists and technologists in Europe. We have also organized I-DREAM Day to encourage young scientists and have been hosting appropriate technology camps for Korean teenagers in Europe.
In addition, we have been carrying out various activities to improve the quality of life of low-developing communities. such as designing and constructing educational centers for achieving inclusive growth and applying appropriate technologies in Chad, developing earth architecture, establishing wireless libraries, producing and supporting smart farms. We have also been co-hosting various appropriate technology-related competitions and camps with the Academic Society of Appropriate Technology (http://appropriate.or.kr) and Sharing and Technology Inc. (http://www.stiweb.org).
Recently, in 2022, I-DREAM members conducted a Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM) camp at Ilboru High School and Arusha Science School in Tanzania. The STEM camp consisted of three tracks, including two practical tracks and one lecture track. One practical track was for the process of the NAND Game, which allows students to understand computer architecture. Another one is for Arduino where students could perform Arduino-based projects on their own at the end. In the lecture track, a series of lectures on 1) engineering projects and 2) cancer and nutrition were provided.
The purpose of this presentation is to analyze the effectiveness of the STEM camp in Tanzania by examining the entire process from the preparation of the curriculum to the execution of the camp. Moreover, based on this analysis, we aim to provide a good example of an effective short-term STEM education program forAfrican middle and high school students, and suggest various ways to prepare different STEM curricula on offline and online platforms in the future.
Cities in the global South are often characterised by informality – unregistered, unmonitored, or untaxed businesses, and unpaid, underpaid, or unprotected labour still persist. With the arrival of various digital platforms in this context, however, digital technology has emerged as an important solution to more rightfully regulate such informal practices. As such, what distinguishes the Southern digital platforms from the Northern ones is that they penetrate informal economies, at least at first glance making some informal practices more efficient and transparent (e.g., mobile money and app-based motorcycle taxi services), as well as connecting the poor or marginalised populations to formal and global economies. In other words, digital technology, especially mobile and blockchain technology, possesses the potential to monitor the un-monitored, tax the untaxed, or include the excluded. On the one hand, developing cities are catching up with the digital turn more quickly than expected, where digital platforms play significant roles not only in solving the informality problem (if one defines it as a problem) but also in bridging the gap between informal actors and formal systems. On the other hand, however, the informal actors behind such digitalised informal services are still prone to marginal positions or precarious conditions. At this interface, whether this new innovation will contribute to the processes towards formalisation, or it will rather end up aggravating existing informality is the key debate which calls for more attention and further discussion from a variety of disciplines including urban planning, information systems and global development. Drawing on evidence from global case studies, and providing a more problem-driven perspective, this poster presents a quick snapshot of how digital platforms are reshaping or rather perpetuating urban informality in cities of the global South.
The advancement of technology has brought about a revolution in how we store and use energy. With the growing demand for portable electronic devices and the increasing need for sustainable energy solutions, the development of energy storage systems has become crucial. In this session, we will delve into the journey of secondary batteries, from lead-acid to lithium-ion and beyond, exploring their evolution and current state-of-the-art technology. We will also examine the industry's current challenges and opportunities for improvement. This session aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current and future trends in energy storage systems, highlighting the need for further research and development in this field. Whether you are an industry professional, researcher, or just interested in the topic, this session will provide valuable insights into the current state of the industry and future trends. Join us on this journey to discover the next generation of energy storage systems and how they will shape our future.
Due to human-induced climate change, the world is calling for a technological revolution centered on the decarbonization of industry and the energy transition. A key component of this effort is the ability to store energy from fluctuating renewable sources. Emerging technologies such as lithium-ion batteries and water electrolyzers for the hydrogen economy have a high demand for critical metals and minerals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, rare earth elements, platinum group elements, or graphite. Sustaining these elements within a circular economy through efficient recycling will be a key challenge, particularly affecting the mechanical processing step.
In this work, we will present our latest findings on the recovery of graphite from graphite lumps and the separation of oxide minerals from submicron carbon black, a typical PGM-bearing catalyst for Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer catalysts. The treatment of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using froth flotation has recently gained attention as a way to separate valuable lithium transition metal oxide (LMO) and graphite particles from the so-called "black mass" mixture. For electrolyzer fine particle processing, the results of separation processes exploiting the hydrophobicity differences between materials used in both electrodes will be presented. These methods include selective agglomeration and the application of novel hydrophobic binders for liquid extraction of particles.
The advancement of technology has brought about a revolution in how we store and use energy. With the growing demand for portable electronic devices and the increasing need for sustainable energy solutions, the development of energy storage systems has become crucial. In this session, we will delve into the journey of secondary batteries, from lead-acid to lithium-ion and beyond, exploring their evolution and current state-of-the-art technology. We will also examine the industry's current challenges and opportunities for improvement. This session aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current and future trends in energy storage systems, highlighting the need for further research and development in this field. Whether you are an industry professional, researcher, or just interested in the topic, this session will provide valuable insights into the current state of the industry and future trends. Join us on this journey to discover the next generation of energy storage systems and how they will shape our future.
As environmental regulations tighten and the demand for lightweight materials increases, the utilization of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) in high value-added industries such as automotive, aviation, and space is on the rise. However, there is a lack of recycling systems to cope with the growing use of CFRP, resulting in a significant amount of waste. Specifically, the recycling of epoxy-based CFRP proves to be challenging, leading to its predominant disposal in landfills or through incineration, causing substantial environmental degradation and social costs.
To address this issue, researchers have developed methods to recover and recycle carbon fibers from CFRP waste. Nevertheless, most studies on carbon fiber recycling processes have been conducted on a small scale and used scrap waste. It is crucial to undertake large-scale research utilizing end-products to confirm the feasibility of replacing regular carbon fiber with recycled carbon fiber. Moreover, recycled carbon fibers (rCF) pose challenges in their application to conventional composite manufacturing processes due to their irregular and unstructured properties resulting from the recycling process.
This study presents a method for fabricating rCFRP using 3D printing technology based on fused deposition modeling (FDM). Initially, carbon fibers were collected through the recycling of actual hydrogen tanks, and their mechanical and structural properties were analyzed to assess their quality for filament fabrication. Subsequently, these carbon fibers were utilized to produce rCFRP filaments, and their thermal and mechanical properties were analyzed in relation to the carbon fiber content for the printing process. Finally, the filaments were applied to the FDM process to manufacture rCFRP composites, and tensile and bending tests were conducted to verify their mechanical robustness
The study showcases the superiority of recycled carbon fibers, highlighting their potential to replace conventional carbon fiber in numerous applications. As a result, this work holds significant relevance and applicability in carbon fiber production research, offering a solution to both environmental and economic challenges.
The advancement of technology has brought about a revolution in how we store and use energy. With the growing demand for portable electronic devices and the increasing need for sustainable energy solutions, the development of energy storage systems has become crucial. In this session, we will delve into the journey of secondary batteries, from lead-acid to lithium-ion and beyond, exploring their evolution and current state-of-the-art technology. We will also examine the industry's current challenges and opportunities for improvement. This session aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current and future trends in energy storage systems, highlighting the need for further research and development in this field. Whether you are an industry professional, researcher, or just interested in the topic, this session will provide valuable insights into the current state of the industry and future trends. Join us on this journey to discover the next generation of energy storage systems and how they will shape our future.
Degradation of catalysts presents a considerable obstacle in the path to the commercialisation of CO2 electrochemical reduction. This is primarily due to the reduction in activity and selectivity it incurs. Despite this, the high costs associated with catalyst characterisation experiments make it difficult to produce adequate and significant data on catalyst deterioration. Machine learning (ML) models have recently shown great promise in supplanting these expensive procedures, although their lack of interpretability presents its own set of challenges. In this paper, we present a comprehensible ML framework that is capable of quickly and accurately projecting the state of the catalyst using simple linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) in under a second, while also providing valuable insight into the degradation process. The performance of a convolutional neural network trained on a dataset comprised of 5236 LSV results significantly outstripped the competition in predictions of total current and faradaic efficiency. The framework exhibited remarkable accuracy, exceeding 99%, in predicting the Faradaic efficiency of various products regardless of the conditions of operation and types of catalysts. The prediction strategy utilised by the model was made intelligible via explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and key degradation descriptors were identified. The credibility of our proposed framework was validated through surface analyses conducted along with the interpretation provided by XAI. The proposed methodology has potential for widespread application across numerous catalytic processes, battery degradation and chemical process monitoring, thereby offering a dependable and efficient tool for performance monitoring.
The decarbonization and digitalization of sustainable practices are rapidly becoming top priorities for the shipbuilding and shipping industries. To tackle CO2 emissions issues, these industries are deploying state-of-the-art technologies that not only increase productivity and efficiency but also promote environmentally and commercially sustainable practices. The shipbuilding industry is also expected to play a key role in accelerating the decarbonization and digitalization of the shipping industry.
Furthermore, the automation of ship operations is rapidly becoming a reality, and this transition is no longer controversial. However, although the evaluation of systemic reliability for newly introduced technologies must precede the development of ship automation technology, the application of risk assessment and legislation to address new safety gaps has severely lagged. Therefore, this session will explore the new role of humans and human factors in digitalized maritime circumstances to prepare for the emerging hazards posed by the automation of these ships.
In this regard, the collaboration between the EU and South Korea in the marine and ocean industry has played a significant role in accomplishing many successful activities and projects that have developed state-of-the-art technologies. To promote these activities, the Europe-Korean Marine and Ocean Engineers Association (EKMOA) and the Society of Naval Architects of Korea (SNAK) have jointly organized a session at EKC, following the MOU signed by both parties at EKC2017 in Stockholm.
This session aims to introduce and review the current advanced technologies applied in this field, offering insights into future technical trends for academia and engineers across South Korea and Europe. A wide range of marine and ocean technologies will be presented in this session, including new trends in shipbuilding, marine technology for ships, and offshore structures.
Global warming is a climate emergency, and all sectors, including the maritime industry, must take immediate collective action to reduce emissions in line with the Paris 1.5°C trajectory. This paper will briefly review the current status of maritime decarbonization strategy and the progress of the transition in the shipping sector so far and outline the actions the industry must take to move closer to the Paris 1.5°C trajectory. The scope of this review paper is to survey the literature related to the shipping industry, based on research articles and grey literature, and discuss the potential technologies/solutions/routes to achieve deep decarbonization by 2050, as set by the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) targets.
Prediction of the performance of a ship under actual operating conditions is very difficult due to the complex effects originated by environmental disturbances. ISO15016 and ISO19030 standards are commonly used to evaluate operating performance. ISO15016 requires many variables, time and cost by a complex calculation formula, and ISO19030 only evaluates the ship speed drop due to the wind excluding the effect of waves. This study is aimed at proposing a novel framework to predict the ship performance based on actual operational data. When external forces such as relative wind speed and wave height increase(fluctuation) during actual operation, the speed of ground (SOG) fluctuates as the wind resistance and wave resistance increase accordingly. And there is a frequency characteristic (time-lag) due to a time constant according to the size and type of the target vessel. The dynamic model of this study is to obtain power fluctuations in which the influence of environmental variables (external forces) is removed by modelling the Linear Multi-Input /Single-Output (MISO) system for unknown frequency characteristics and determining the optimal Linear Transfer Function. The input data of the MISO model was selected by evaluating the correlation of each variable in the operation data, and the effect of each input variable on the speed loss was evaluated. And other factors affecting SOG were assumed to be noise(N), which are expected to be aging and fouling. Noise is expected to have a constant value within the same voyage, and N-components for a specific period were plotted and compared with ISO19030's Performance Value (PV)s.
The propellers have been used to generate the propulsion of ships with a long history. Many studies have been conducted to improve propulsion efficiency and to reduce vibration by optimizing the shape of propellers. Due to the shape of the stern of the hull, the inflow velocity entering the propeller plane has non-uniform characteristics, which is called a nominal wake. The propeller rotates in the wake, which generates vibration and noise. In terms of the vibration, the fundamental frequency corresponding to the rotation frequency of the propeller is evoked. Moreover, it includes harmonic frequencies caused by the number of propeller blades, which leads to torque ripple and thrust fluctuation. Conventional vessels used by internal combustion engine rotate the propeller directly. It can control only the fundamental torque of the propeller and is difficult to control torque ripple generated by harmonic frequency due to the shape of the propeller. On the other hand, recently, the development of electric propulsion ships using electric motors rather than internal combustion engines is increasing rapidly. The key feature of electric vessels is that the electric motor rotates the propeller, and it has the advantage of having a high speed controllable of the propeller torque. A Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) and Induction Motors (IM) are used as propulsion motors of typical electric propulsion ships and PMSM is commonly used due to its high power density, large torque to inertia ratio, and high efficiency. A PMSM uses a current controller based on Field Oriented Control (FOC), which controls the stator winding current for speed and torque control of the propeller. A torque ripple is generated due to harmonic frequencies contained in the back electric magnetic force (EMF) by permanent magnets. To reduce the torque ripple, a harmonic injection method has been conducted. In this paper, the harmonic injection method of the motor is proposed to reduce harmonic frequencies due to the nominal wake and the torque ripple of a propeller. This method is applied by the numerical algorithm and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) computation, dynamic simulation.
Autonomous ships are anticipated to support the shipping sector's sustainability and resilience. However, the health monitoring and maintenance management barriers for autonomous ship machinery must be sufficiently addressed. Prognostics and health management (PHM) approaches to assess the health conditions of autonomous ship machinery can provide solutions for these barriers. However, the lack of appropriate datasets representing a wide envelope is required to develop PHM models. Furthermore, the trained PHM model may not work appropriately due to the different operating conditions between the development stage and the application stage. This study aims to develop an intelligent health assessment system for autonomous ship machinery systems employing a marine dual-fuel engine. This is carried out by employing a simulation-based data generation method using a digital twin of high fidelity to derive the required datasets for the engine. The engine operations at both healthy and faulty conditions were considered including the anomalies of the intake and exhaust valve leakages. Additionally, the engine ambient conditions and engine operating loads were approximated by analysing available historical records. The trustworthiness of the digital twin and generated datasets is addressed by a novel framework including validation, verification, and robustness. The PHM system consists of the diagnosis and prognosis data-driven models. The former is based on a support vector machine (SVM) and its function is to detect, identify, and isolate valve leakage faults. The latter employs the deep neural network (DNN) to estimate and predict a health indicator for the valves’ degradations. The developed anomaly diagnosis and prognosis models are trained and tested employing simulation-generated datasets exhibiting accuracy of over 90% based on the R-squared metric. Additionally, the developed PHM models are applied to validation datasets representing the extended operating envelope for investigating the validity of the PHM model in practical operations. This study provides insights for the development of future intelligent decision-making systems for autonomous ship machinery to support their health-aware and fault-tolerant system management.
Precise position control is essential for the safe operation and automatic berthing/unberthing of autonomous ships. Although studies on automatic berth/unberthing and close passing have been conducted in ports or narrow waterways, there are not many studies determining potential contact between objects in the process. This is because a sophisticated model that can accurately represent the shape of a ship must be used to determine the contact at a close distance. There are not many examples of implementing this by applying it in the current simulator and it is difficult to develop a technique that can reflect the influence of contact by applying path planning and control algorithms while considering various fluid forces in a narrow sea area. The starting point is to accurately determine the contact situation between ship and ship or between ships and quay walls.
In this study, we present a basic approach to detect ship-to-ship or ship to quay contact in a narrow sea area using collision detection techniques widely used in the game engines. In general, collision processing consists of a collision detection step in which objects collide with each other and a response to the collision. For several geometric models that require collision analysis, a response is made through a collision detection algorithm.
After subdividing the ship CAD model using Blender, the V-HACD technique was applied to each bounding volume. In this way, after specifying the collision point, it can be utilized to make a reaction to the contact considering hydrodynamics using specialized simulators. Compared to the original mesh model consisting of about 240,000 vertices and 120,000 triangles, the time required for the calculation can be reduced by significantly reducing the number of bounding volumes required for collision detection. It is possible to configure a fast collision calculation using the tree structure of the convex hulls.
The global shipping industry's commitment to decarbonisation, driven by the need to meet the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) CO2 reduction targets by 2050, has spurred the exploration and implementation of diverse alternative propulsion systems, such as biofuels and carbon capture technologies. However, the consideration of risk perspectives, particularly human factors, for these new systems has been insufficient. Given that these technologies are still in the early stages or concept design phase, it becomes crucial to address the risks associated with their emergence. This paper presents a comprehensive human factors risk assessment framework specifically designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of shipboard decarbonisation systems throughout their entire lifespan, encompassing risks and human factors considerations from design to dismantle. To ensure a comprehensive understanding of human roles and functions within the new systems, the Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) method is employed, facilitating the identification and comprehension of human involvement and responsibilities. Performance shaping factors, including cognitive workload, task complexity, and human-machine interface design, are derived to identify potential risks that can affect human performance. Additionally, the framework acknowledges the interconnections between humans and machines, recognizing the dynamic interrelationships and dependencies within the system. To analyse these complex relationships, a barrier-based backbone model is utilized, providing a visual representation of system elements and barriers that can prevent or mitigate risks. The Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) method is adopted to quantitatively assess the potential for human error, assisting in the development of proactive measures to address these risks. By incorporating these methods into the risk assessment framework, a comprehensive approach is achieved, effectively addressing the risks associated with emerging shipboard decarbonisation technologies while considering the critical role of human factors. This framework empowers industry stakeholders to identify, analyse, and mitigate risks across the entire lifespan of the system, ensuring compliance with the IMO's ambitious carbon reduction mandate. With its holistic perspective, the framework provides valuable insights into the safety and effectiveness of alternative decarbonisation systems, guiding decision-making processes toward sustainable and secure shipping practices.
The development of technology began with mankind's fundamental desire to make life more effective and richer. When industrial ideas for mass production and innovative technologies met, this industrial concept revolutionized the whole of Europe, starting in England. The practical industrial system allowed for architectural expression focused on function “Form Follows Function” in architecture that followed existing forms, and formed villages or cities of workers around industrial factories to create innovations that changed the patterns of people's lives. The industrial circumstance is evoked globally, not only in Europe, although the difference in time and product varies by region.
The processes of industrial and technological development is the result of human intelligence accumulated over a long period of time. Therefore, old machines and technologies are not simply outdated ruins, but important stepping stones and heritage for new technologies.
In Europe, since the beginning of the 20th century, "industrial culture" has been recognized as an academic discipline and classified as a valuable cultural heritage to be preserved and managed. In the United Kingdom, in particular, citizens took the first steps toward preserving and systematically managing the evidence of the various technological innovations that emerged during industrialization. In other words, industrial heritage must be researched, documented, preserved and reused for future generations as a testimony to human progress.
The study of industrial culture and industrial heritage, which have emerged from diverse backgrounds, is not possible without multidisciplinary collaboration. For example, ICOMOS, a World Cultural Heritage Advisory Body, and TICCIH, the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, already actively operate a global network of scholars, engineers and historians engaged in industrial heritage research. Industrial heritage research is very active in many European countries, and Germany is playing a pioneering role in the preservation and utilization of industrial heritage. The Rammelsberg, the Völklingen Ironworks, Zollverein and the Fagus Factory are representative of German industrial culture and are listed as World Heritage Sites. In this area, international exchange between Germany and other European countries is not an option for Korea, but a necessity to discuss this topic.
EKC 2023 is a great starting point for discussions on this topic. By introducing multidisciplinary studies that only industrial heritage offers, through this international conference, experts from different fields in Europe can recognize their fields as industrial heritage values, build networks, share cases and know-how that will be needed in Korea in the future, and provide an important connecting point for cooperation between industry and academia.
Korea is a latecomer when it comes to industrial heritage. However, the scope and history of the Korean industry already hold tremendous potential. Rediscovering industrial heritage through enhanced citizen participation, government support, and industry-academia collaboration will be an important opportunity to elevate the status of the Korean industry. I sincerely hope that EKC 2023 will be the starting point for all these changes.
Around 1800 the establishment of the first cottons mills in Saxony marked the start of the industrial revolution in Germany. In the beginning there was no precise vision what kind of building would be necessary or suitable to house the machinery for the industrial production of spinning cotton. The entrepreneurs and architects involved in the development therefore followed the example of the British cotton industry and adopted the building type of the Arkwrigth Mill, but changed some of its details depending on local architectural experiences and the special weather conditions of the region. Most of the new built and water powered textile mills in Saxony followed these type of construction until the 1860s. With the growth of industry, the development of new industries like engineering, chemical, optical, electrical or automobile industry since the 1870s as well the introduction of new construction materials like cast iron, concrete or steel and the propagation of steam and electrical power led to new types of industrial buildings suitable for different kinds of production. Their layout followed not only the needs of production but also the development of the predominant styles of architecture in the following decades in Germany, such as historism, art nouveau, land art or modernism. After the Second World War in the communist German Democratic Republic (GDR) economical needs led to the ongoing use of such old industrial buildings until most of them became obsolete after the German reunification with the wide deindustrialisation of Eastern Germany in the 1990s. Again for economic reasons new types of industrial buildings were developed in the GDR with the introduction of light steel and prefabricated concrete constructions. Since the German reunification the common western and global style of industrial architecture dominated the erection of new industrial buildings and structures in Saxony.
The paper will give an overview about this development and will discuss the stress field between the architectural form and the industrial function in the development of industrial buildings in Germany by the example of the industrial history of Saxony.
Since the revolution in production through industrialization that began in the 18th century, standardized and rationalized production principles have been applied to architecture. Efforts to build more efficient, high-quality, and affordable buildings were continuously attempted in response to the post-industrial social situation. As urbanization and industrialization intensified, architecture became increasingly focused on matters of function rather than form. Decorative aspects of architecture were severely limited and non-functional elements were minimized or eliminated. This formal simplification of architecture made the building process more rational and efficient, which paved the way for mass production through the standardization of buildings.
These processes are represented by prefabrication, modular systems, rationalization, mechanization and on-site assembly, which are summarized in the concept of the "industrialization of architecture". "Industrialization (of building) is a process which, by means of technological developments, organizational concepts and methods, and capital investment, tends to increase productivity and to upgrade performance.(1972)", defined by Swiss architect and author Carlo Testa. The concepts of "productivity" and "performance" of the finished building, which are not often used in conventional architecture, make it clearer that the main value of architecture is "economy".
The Christal Palace in London, England, designed by Joseph Paxton in 1851 for an international exhibition, is considered the beginning of industrialized architecture. The massive 92,000 square meter (9 hectare) space was built in about 16 weeks using prefabricated construction materials. Not only did the standardization and mass production of construction elements and the optimization of the construction process maximize the productivity and efficiency of construction, but the previously unimaginable large interior space set new standards for the form and function of later buildings. Subsequently, the First and Second World Wars and the urgent need for housing and infrastructure construction accelerated this trend. These trends have been incorporated into modern architecture in various forms, rationalized and optimized to a higher level. The industrialization of architecture is an ongoing process, not just a past event.
But what are its characteristics and how has it affected the fundamental elements of architecture (function, form, structure, etc.)? What are the differences between pre-industrial and post-industrial architecture and how do various architects/theorists evaluate them? What are the problems caused by the industrialization of architecture and how should they be overcome?
This presentation will explore the historical process of the industrialization of architecture and its implications for 20th century architecture through examples.
Some functional disused industrial facilities are recognized for their "heritage value" and subsequently listed as technical heritages or UNESCO World Heritage Sites, identifying them as industrial heritage.
The object of industrial heritage is considered to encompasses not only the buildings where industrial activities took place, but also, in a smaller sense, the tools and machinery that can provide a view into the evolution of industrial and technological history, and, in a broader sense, worker’s residential areas, planned cities, and industrial cultural landscapes. The scope of industrial heritage covers recent history in a variety of fields, including science, technology, and economic history and so on.
Since 1978, when industrial heritage was first inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List, 63 industrial sites have been inscribed on the World Heritage List, and the world continues to discover the value of heritage sites from a wide range of industries.
The meaning of heritage is to preserve the value for the public and future generations and also to encourage reuse without compromising the heritage value. In other words, a new function is implanted in an old form, and a certain degree of change in form can be seen in order to open another phase.
This presentation contains the concept of industrial heritage, the current state of inscription on the World Heritage List as an industrial heritage, and examples to show how industrial architecture reconciles form and function to preserve heritage value while allowing for reuse.
The primary role of researchers is exploring a fundamental mechanism of nature including the universe, materials, biology, and so forth. Most researcher conduct laboratory-based researches, and sometimes they face technical challenges. To overcome these challenges, various kinds of large-scale experimental facilities have been developed all over the world for a long time, which can provide advanced experimental methods utilizing particle accelerators, muon and neutron generators, etc. In this session, we introduce the various scientific studies conducted at large-scale facilities and discuss the impact that large-scale facilities will have on the scientific community in the future.
Organometallic perovskite solar cell has been considered as one of the most attractive and promising next generation solar cells due to its superior photoelectric properties including low-cost fabrication potential based on solution process After Miyasaka's report of 3.9% power conversion efficiency (PCE) in 2009, it has developed rapidly and reached a highest PCE of 26.02% by Seok in 2023. In this system, the PCE of devices critically depends on the crystallinity of the organometallic perovskite layer. Therefore, most effort was devoted to control the film to obtain high quality perovskite film under various fabrication conditions. To understand and control film formation process, in-situ measurement techniques were applied in perovskite films. First, the thermal in-situ annealing results will be presented. Secondly, the in-situ measurement results during spin-coating process will be presented, especially in the anti-solvent free system. All these in-situ measurements were performed using synchrotron x-rays and GIWAXS (Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-ray Scattering) technique.
The I08-1 soft X-ray ptychography instrument at the Diamond Light Source (UK) is a facility dedicated to the spectro-microscopic and tomographic analysis of the interaction of organic and inorganic matter with unprecedented spatial resolution. It provides capabilities to do Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy for the analysis of transition metals or other elements relevant for biogeochemistry, environmental and earth sciences, medicine and pharmacology, and materials science including magnetism, electrochemistry, catalysis, and battery research.
X-ray ptychography [1] is a lens-less imaging technique that belongs to the family of coherent diffractive imaging methods. During a ptychographic experiment, a series of diffraction images (pattern) is collected in the far-field while a specimen is being raster-scanned with a coherent X-ray beam. Using iterative phase retrieval algorithms, this collection of diffraction pattern is then converted computationally into a reconstructed high-resolution image of the specimen. By repeating the same data collection with a different X-ray energy and/or tomographic rotation angle, this technique can be extended to three-dimensional and spectroscopic imaging [2,3].
In my talk, I am going to present the current capabilities of this new instrument, which is in user operation in optimisation mode since May 2022, as well as give an outline of planned future upgrades. I will describe our current instrumentation and software infrastructure, including an automated live processing pipeline that provides users with a ptychographic reconstruction in near real time by utilising the computational power of graphics cards (GPUs). I will show results from early commissioning experiments where we collected full spectro-ptychograhic data of iron (Fe) nanoparticles across the Fe L3 edge alongside a few scientific examples of early I08-1 users. Spectro-ptychography offers the unique capability to image organic and inorganic samples at high spatial resolution and with chemical specificity, further enhanced by the upcoming upgrade to Diamond II with an expected increase in coherent flux.
Fusion technology, capable of converting energy caused by nuclear-fusion reactions into usable energy, has been widely acknowledged as a potential solution to the global energy crisis and a carbon-neutral future. One of the chief challenges in exploiting fusion reactions is plasma stabilization under extreme temperature, a considerable hurdle that must be overcome [1-3]. The Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) is pivotal in addressing this issue, with its In-Vessel Control Coil (IVCC) playing a critical role in achieving plasma stability - a complex challenge within the realm of fusion technology [4-5].
In this study, we investigate the effects of input current magnitude and frequency on the electromagnetic and thermo-mechanical behaviors of a IVCC mock-up model. This approach is necessitated by the constraints associated with direct experimental research on the installed IVCC within the KSTAR vacuum vessel. A key parameter under examination is eddy current loss due to Joule heating, which significantly influences the temperature distribution, as well as thermal stress and deformation within the IVCC mock-up model. We conducted thorough thermal and structural analyses over a range of input current magnitudes (0.5-3 kA) and frequencies (60-320 Hz). Our findings reveal that the heat generation within the IVCC mock-up model's coil case, attributable to eddy current loss, escalates with increasing input current magnitude and frequency. The increase in eddy current loss within the coil case is accelerated by the increased frequency of the input current. As a direct result of this eddy current loss, the coil case temperature rises, subsequently leading to peak thermal stress and deformation within the coil case. However, the magnetic field strength concurrently amplifies with increasing input current magnitude.
Therefore, it's crucial to consider the trade-off relationship between magnetic field generation, heat production induced by eddy current losses, and the mechanical behavior of the IVCC mock-up model. With a comprehensive understanding of these electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical characteristics, we aim to offer invaluable insights to identify optimal operating conditions for the IVCC.
Controlling the magnetization direction of a ferromagnet is crucial for magnetic memories, including cassette tapes, hard disk drives, and the next-generation magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM)—a type of non-volatile memory that stores data by manipulating magnetic states. However, the current method of controlling magnetization—by generating a spin current converted to charge through the spin Hall effect—relies heavily on heavy metals, limiting the technology's scalability and cost-effectiveness. The recent discovery of the orbital Hall effect (OHE)—which refers to the charge-to-orbital conversion—offers an alternative means of controlling magnetization using an orbital current [1]. This mechanism is present in commonly used light metals like vanadium and titanium (Ti). Despite its significance, the direct observation of OHE remains challenging due to the need to distinguish the orbital angular momentum from other effects, such as spin angular momentum.
In our study, we explore innovative optical magnetic imaging techniques to address this challenge. These non-contact, sensitive methods provide spatial resolution capabilities that electrical measurements cannot achieve. I will introduce several state-of-the-art techniques we are currently examining, including the laser-based magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), single-spin-based scanning magnetometry (nitrogen-vacancy scanning, or NV scanning), and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) ptychography. These techniques have unique advantages: time-resolved MOKE offers spatial resolution and ultrafast time-resolving measurements; NV scanning enables sensitive magnetic field sensing at a nanometer scale from cryogenic to room temperature; XMCD ptychography can distinguish spin and orbitals with tens of nanometer spatial resolution.
Specifically, our experimental observations have directly confirmed the presence of OHE in the light metal Ti using MOKE [2]. We found an unexpectedly long orbital relaxation length of approximately 70 nm. These results have significant implications for the electrical control of magnetism and emphasize the need for a better understanding of OHE dynamics across a range of materials. In addition, I will discuss the future directions of optical imaging techniques and how they can be used in future studies to elucidate the origin of OHE and explore their potential applications in other materials, such as two-dimensional magnets.
Surface modification and doping of hematite nanorods (NRs) for enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting was developed using a sputtering method. The ZrOx/β-FeOOH NRs were fabricated by the Zr sputter deposition and its amount was controlled by sputter time. The NRs were followed by 800 ◦C quenching to develop Zr-Fe2O3 nano-photoanodes and the nanorods were vertically oriented along the [110] direction. Donor densities and charge transfer properties and were improved for Zr-Fe2O3 NRs photoanode and a highest photocurrent density of 1.23 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. (RHE) was achieved.
In this session, we invite current research work investigating changes of Earth and environmental systems as well as topics related to human impacts and the Anthropocene. Diverse environments of the near-surface Earth system have been influenced by human activities. These activities include agriculture, wildlife destruction, deforestration, overpopulation, overexploitation, fossil fuel production, as well as emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The quality, availability, and distribution of Earth’s water has been affected through the physical and chemical modification of streams, lakes, groundwater, river and ocean. The biosphere has been significantly altered by changing or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of many living species. Air pollution impacts on the condition of the atmosphere with damaging effects on human health and other species. The invention of plastic has created one of the most problematic pollutions, which is everywhere on the Earth and even in the ocean. Thus, humans have become the most influential species of the Earth, causing significant environmental degradation, global warming, and climate changes. Recently, the commencement of significant human impact on Earth system was officially termed as a recognized subdivision of geologic time, the Anthropocene.
We welcome interdisciplinary works and case studies that deploy novel approaches and tools to address the reconstruction of human-environmental interactions. Contributions can include insights about how human populations have coped with environmental disasters and abrupt changes in the past or how we understand the emerging Anthropocene to inform strategies for addressing climate challenges in the future. For sustainability and development of human societies and the biodiversity, we require responsible managements of natural resources, which enable us to reduce existing adverse impacts and to prevent impacts to the extent possible. Scientists and engineers can make major contributions by investigating the human-Earth system interactions and developing appropriate technologies.
[Keynote Speaker]
The unintended human footprint on European river systems
- Prof. Andreas Lang (Department Environment and Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, Austria)
[Invited Speaker]
Inhomogeneous warming of the ocean during the recent decades
- Prof. Wonsun Park (IBS Center for Climate Physics, Pusan National University, Rep. Korea)
In this session, we invite current research work investigating changes of Earth and environmental systems as well as topics related to human impacts and the Anthropocene.
People have intentionally transformed river channels in various ways to e.g., enable shipping, for flood protection and hydropower generation. The effects of such measures are well understood and instruments in place to revert some of the environmental impacts through river restoration and re-wildering of river courses. But how do natural rivers look like? In recent years it became clear that across Europe our image of unaltered rivers needs attention: the single thread meandering river channels that are found widespread in European lowlands are in many cases the by-product of soil erosion on the slopes. Already during the Iron Age did delivery of soil-erosion derived sediment exceed the transport capacity of hydrological pathways and result in widespread sediment accumulation that buried the original wetlands and created the floodplain settings that have for long been considered ‘natural’.
Using examples from across the European arable regions the presentation will discuss how the Anthropocene, where humans outpace natural forces, challenges our traditional ideas of ‘nature’. Can we use millennia old river alterations as target for present day river conservation and management of river system functioning? Is it possible to revert such landscapes to a pre-agriculture natural state? What would be the cost and the benefit?
The ocean covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface and controls the Earth's climate on various time scales, especially longer than decades. Due to its long-term internal variability and variable response to increasing greenhouse gases, observed changes in ocean variables such as sea surface temperature show inhomogeneous warming patterns among different regions over the past decades. These include cooling or no warming over the Southern Ocean, the tropical Pacific and the subpolar North Atlantic, while the global mean temperature has risen steadily. Such an inhomogeneous warming pattern, with some paradoxical cooling trends, can be explained ironically by the consequences of global warming. In the Southern Ocean, for example, recent cooling can be attributed to increased meltwater from ice shelves and ice sheets in response to global warming.
This presentation will introduce the role of the ocean in climate, recent observed ocean changes and their potential mechanisms, and future ocean changes in a warming world.
Increased anthropogenic activities and industrialization have led to a substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric aerosol concentrations and caused climate change. Increased aerosol concentration in the atmosphere affects the radiation budget and climate in two distinct ways. First, aerosols cool the atmosphere by directly reflecting incoming solar radiation. Second, aerosol particles act as cloud condensation nuclei, affecting cloud formation and precipitation. Increased aerosol concentration makes the cloud brighter, increases the cloud's lifetime, and further enhances the reflection of the incoming solar radiation. The potential role of these aerosols, which cool the atmosphere, recently gained interest in mitigating climate change. However, due to a lack of understanding of the underlying processes, their impact remains a significant source of uncertainty in predicting future climate change. The effect of aerosol concentration on cloud brightness and lifetime is closely related to the turbulent mixing process between clouds and the surrounding dry air, so-called entrainment and mixing. Throughout the cloud lifecycle, clouds continuously mix with the ambient air, gradually losing the force to ascend through evaporation and eventually dissipating. In addition, distinctive ways of how the entrainment and mixing change the shape of cloud droplet size distribution change the radiative properties of cloud in different ways. This presentation shows the results from a novel large eddy simulation capable of tracking individual cloud droplets and aerosol particles to investigate how the characteristic of the entrainment and mixing process change in cloud life stages, developing, maturing, and dissipating by tracking over 100 shallow cumulus clouds throughout their lifecycle stages. We found that cloud lifetime changes are affected by aerosol number concentration, and the dominant way of changing cloud radiative properties differs in each mixing stage.
We welcome discussion with interdisciplinary works and case studies that deploy novel approaches and tools to address the reconstruction of human-environmental interactions.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease (e.g. heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes, are a major issue of public health worldwide, leading to 41 million deaths (74% of all deaths) each year (WHO, 2022). Major risk factors are, however, tobacco and alcohol use, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity, all of which are modifiable. The topic of the proposed session will be "Modifiable Factors associated with Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)” to seek sustainable ways to prevent and control NCDs and reduce the global health burden. There will be presentations and discussions based on recent scientific evidence from outstanding researchers from Korea and Europe countries. Furthermore, it would allow bringing potential global cooperation over the topic.
Introduction of LH4
Foods are sources of several nutrients and bioactive compounds that help maintain the body in proper health and prevent cancers associated with dietary exposures. There could be an interactive effect between diet and other host factors, such as lifestyle and genetics, involved in carcinogenesis. With the advancement of nutritional research and the translation of progress into practical approaches, it has become a key aspect. Precision nutrition is a novel result of this development that recommends food choices and eating patterns that meet individual needs and personal preferences. Therefore, the aim of this presentation is to elaborate on how to utilize precision nutrition concepts to unlock the power of food in cancer prevention.
Over the past few decades, nutritional science and research have made massive progress towards personalization, incorporating various areas of knowledge such as using diet as a treatment for various diseases, anthropometric and biochemical markers, food frequency questionnaires, as well as nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics information. Additionally, it is important to recognize the development of algorithms in nutritional genomics research and the advancements in multi-omics research that explore nutrigenetics interactions for genetically-tailored nutritional advice. The term “multi-omics approach” can be used as an alternative term for the holistic approach, where researchers integrate genomics, metagenomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in nutritional research. The concepts related to precision nutrition can be discussed within three main broad aspects: the gut microbiome, genetics and epigenetics, and healthy aging.
The gut microbiome is directly related to human health and diseases. Diet plays a major role in regulating the gut microbiome. Each individual’s gut microbiome is unique, similar to a fingerprint, and there is no universal recommendation for a healthy diet related to the gut microbiome. With the rapid advancement of sequencing and high-throughput technologies, it has become possible to characterize changes in gut microbiome composition due to various diets and their effects on carcinogenesis. Due to the complex interplay between the host, diet, and gut microbiome, there is an increasing need for microbiome-oriented precision nutrition research.
In terms of genetics and epigenetics, precision nutrition takes advantage of investigating genome-wide genetic and epigenetic variants with the ultimate goal of personalizing the diet according to an individual’s biological needs for cancer prevention. Nutritional genomics encompasses nutrigenetics, which aims to clarify how individuals respond to nutrients based on their genetic background. Nutrigenomics can unravel changes in gene expression levels and resulting levels of proteins and metabolites induced by dietary factors, while nutriepigenomics investigates the epigenetic changes induced by nutrients. These disciplines yield complementary results for personalizing the diet according to an individual’s integrated metabolism.
The aging process is a multifactorial biological process characterized by changes at the molecular and cellular levels that affect multiple physiological functions and immune competence. Both epigenetic regulation and microbial metabolites are critical factors that need to be focused on in relation to individual aspects of cancer occurrence. They may provide accurate biomarkers of healthy aging, such as the epigenetic clock, which could potentially lead to personalization.
The translation of precision nutrition can be implemented in two major areas: the dietary management of people with cancer or those who require special nutritional support, and the development of more effective interventions to improve public health for cancer prevention. Our laboratory has conducted studies on gene-diet and microbiome-diet interactions in gastrointestinal cancers as part of the precision nutrition concept. As a future direction, the application of a systems approach with the use of artificial intelligence-based strategies in nutrition research could be suggested. In conclusion, integrating better biomarkers of cancer risk influenced by diet at the individual level into precision nutrition approaches is crucial.
The intake of vegetables and fruits were known as a healthy food for breast cancer patients as well as general population to prevent the risk of incidence. Carotenoids were rich in most vegetables and fruits, which include specific subclasses such as α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene. However, it is unclear whether specific dietary carotenoids and their subclasses influence on breast cancer risks. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between dietary carotenoid subclasses, in particular carotenoid food items, and the risk of breast cancer incidence among Korean women. We recruited 395 controls and 395 breast cancer patients from the National Cancer Center Hospital in Korea. All participants were interviewed with sociodemographic questions and a food frequency questionnaire. To analyze the association between dietary carotenoid intake and BC risk, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using a logistic regression model. We have further analyzed the association between dietary carotenoids and breast cancer risks by subgroup factors, such as menopause and hormone receptor status. Breast cancer patients consumed less α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene than controls. There was an inverse association between the intake of carotenoid subclasses and breast cancer risks (OR (95% CIs) = 0.20(0.12-0.33), p < 0.001); in particular, postmenopausal women who consumed higher levels of total carotenoids, β-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin had lower BC risks (OR (95% CIs, p for trend) = 0.17(0.07-0.44, < 0.001), 0.27(0.11-0.64, 0.002), and 0.07(0.02-0.21, < 0.001)). Interestingly, moreover, among postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative/progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, a high intake of β-cryptoxanthin was a severe risk factor for breast cancer incidence (OR (95%CIs) = 5.45(1.25-23.70). Furthermore, we investigated which food items were major contributing sources for the intake of carotenoid subclasses. Overall, the high intake of pickled vegetables and sweet fruits exacerbated BC risks, whereas the intake of radish leaves, kale, bracken, and eggs lowered the risk of BC incidence. Unfortunately, there were no foods that significantly influenced BC risks that contained α-carotene and lycopene. Accordingly, we concluded the consumption of foods that contribute to dietary total carotenoids, β-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin lowered the risk of breast cancer incidence. Furthermore, a low intake of pickled vegetables and sweet fruits, and a high intake of green leafy vegetables and eggs would be good for Korean postmenopausal women who are vulnerable to breast cancer incidence.
The human gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms, dominantly bacteria, which reside in the human gastrointestinal tract [1]. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbial diversity and composition and its relevant metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are involved in numerous physiological processes in the human body [2], which could affect metabolic diseases including metabolic syndrome (MetS) [3]. Diet is one of the major contributors to gut microbiota and its metabolite production. However, to date, comprehensive studies on associations of the gut microbiota and its metabolites interacting with diet in human metabolic health in Korean populations have not been sufficiently done. In collaboration with IARC-WHO and NAS-RDA, we examined interactions between the gut microbiota and its relevant metabolites and diet, and its cross-sectional associations with metabolic health among 348 Korean adults. A dietary pattern (DP) predicting the gut microbial diversity derived by reduced rank regression (RRR, a supervised dimension-reducing technique) was characterized by high intakes of vegetables, fermented legumes, nuts & seeds, fish & seafood, and coffee and low intakes of processed meats and other non-alcoholic beverages. The DP score was correlated with fasting glucose level (r=-0.14; p=0.01) negatively and HDL cholesterol level (r=0.15; p=0.006) positively. Also, this DP was inversely associated with metabolically unhealthy status [OR=0.73; 95% CI=0.55-0.98] defined as having 2 or more among 4 metabolic syndrome components (waist circumference, triacylglycerol, HDL-cholesterol, and fasting glucose). In addition, using Using multi-omics factor analysis (MOFA), a computational framework for unsupervised integration and discovery of the principal axes of biological and technical variations in multi-omics datasets [4], a latent factor was identified explaining the maximum variance of the gut microbial composition and plasma SCFAs of 348 Korean adults. In this latent factor, the Blautia microbe and plasma acetic acid were the most important features, which were positively associated with a high risk of metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, using XGBoost and SHAP value, another machine learning technique to predict this latent factor based on 27 food group intakes, we found that fruit vegetables and dairy products were negative factors, whereas starch vegetables were positive factors. The findings of our study suggest that diet-gut microbiota interactions can be associated with the status of metabolic health in Korean adults. In particular, plant- and fermented-food-based diet in Korean adults is associated with favorable gut microbial diversity and composition, which may improve metabolic health.
The aeronautics and mechanical engineering industries are constantly evolving and advancing. This session will explore the latest breakthroughs in these fields and provide attendees with insights into the future of aeronautics and mechanical engineering. The session will be divided into three parts:
Advancements in Aircraft Design and Manufacturing: This topic will cover the latest developments in the design and manufacturing of aircraft. It will include discussions on the use of new materials, such as composites, to improve fuel efficiency and reduce weight. Additionally, the topic will explore the latest advances in manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing, and their impact on the aircraft industry. The discussion will also delve into the challenges faced by the industry, such as meeting the increasing demand for air travel, and the innovative solutions being developed to overcome these challenges.
Innovations in Mechanical Engineering: This segment will focus on the latest innovations and advancements in the mechanical engineering field. Topics to be covered include new materials, manufacturing techniques, and mechanical design approaches. Attendees will learn about the latest trends and developments that are shaping the future of mechanical engineering. The focus will be on the cutting-edge technologies and advancements that are driving the aerospace industry forward.
Collaboration between Aeronautics and Mechanical Engineering: The final segment of the session will explore the opportunities for collaboration between aeronautics and mechanical engineering. The session will discuss how experts from both fields can work together on joint projects and initiatives. This segment will highlight the benefits of collaboration, such as increased efficiency, shared knowledge, and improved outcomes.
Objective of the Session:
The goal of this session is to provide a platform for aeronautics and mechanical engineering professionals to come together and discuss the latest advancements in their respective fields. Attendees will gain a deeper understanding of the current state of the industries and the future trends that are likely to shape their future.
It will provide attendees with a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements and emerging trends in these fields and provide a platform for attendees to engage in meaningful discussions and exchanges.
The improvement of technical systems in the field of aerospace engineering and energy process engineering requires fundamental experimental work and the respective diagnostics tools for measuring the local variables temperature, concentration and velocities. These quantities determine the efficiency and pollutant emissions and consequently, at least planar measurements must be available with the highest possible spatial and temporal resolution. Optical measurement techniques are ideal for recording several parameters simultaneously.
Current imaging techniques are based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) or laser-induced phosphorescence (LIP), which are being further developed especially for studying complex reactive flows. This contribution will give an overview of the capability of Tracer-LIF for measuring the temperature distribution as well as concentration fields in mixing processes. This technique is utilized to study liquid fuel injection and spray processes, e.g. to characterize mixture temperature and fuel vapor concentrations. Experiments under very harsh supercritical conditions will be presented, which are prevailing in rocket combustors or IC engines. Furthermore, the LIF technique is also capable to measure droplet temperatures in a 2-colour approach, and it can be applied for planar droplet sizing when combined with Laser-Mie-scattering to determine the SMD (Sauter Mean Diameter).
With LIP, inert particles are used in a similar way instead of gas tracers, with which the local temperature of the gas phase can be resolved in addition to the velocity distribution (using Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV). This novel method can be used for low and high temperature applications (even above 1000 K) and it is also applicable for surface thermometry, e.g. for measuring wall temperatures in combustors. This measurement technique is already utilized to some extent in combustion systems, e.g. for improving the film cooling of walls in gas turbines combustors, but it can also be transferred to a wide range of high-temperature applications in process engineering, such as chemical reactors.
The laser-spot welding process of aluminum alloy 1050A with a limited thickness is observed with the x-ray phase contrast method to investigate the melt dynamic especially when the melt penetrates the material. The laser-spot welding is investigated with two different wavelengths of the laser beam source: 515 and 1030 nm to investigate the influence of the absorptivity. The melt progressively penetrates the material during the spot-welding process until reaching the bottom side of the material and when the melt penetrates the lower side of the material, the so-called “lens-like” melt appears at the lower side due to the surface tension. At a comparable beam intensity value, the oscillation of the “lens-like” melt at the lower side of the material is driven by the expansion of vapor capillary. This expansion occurs inside of the material and directly above the “lens-like” melt. The shape of the expanded vapor determines the volume as well as the geometry of the resulting melt volume. Furthermore, the transition from the heat conduction welding mode to the keyhole welding mode is investigated by defocusing the laser beam for the beam source with a 515 nm wavelength. At a given variation, a clear difference between either mode is observed with the x-ray phase contrast method.
Digitalization and automation in Industry 4.0 bring new opportunities to perform better maintenance in various industrial sectors, including the aviation industry. On-board sensors are used to monitor the health condition of aircraft components, and machine learning is used to predict the future of the health conditions. All these opportunities bring a new maintenance approach called predictive maintenance (PdM). PdM differs from the traditional paradigm called time-based maintenance, where maintenance activities are performed at fixed time intervals regardless of the actual health condition of individual components. Under PdM approach, we predict the remaining-useful-life (RUL) of individual components based on their current health condition data and plan maintenance activities in advance based on the predicted RUL. The goal is to prevent unexpected failures and unscheduled maintenance activities, improving the efficiency and reliability of aircraft.
Many studies have proposed various algorithms to predict the RUL of aircraft components. However, RUL prognostics have yet to be successfully integrated into maintenance planning. This presentation introduces a predictive aircraft maintenance framework to quantify the uncertainty of RUL predictions and plan predictive maintenance activities based on the uncertainty information. Convolutional neural networks and Monte Carlo dropouts are used to estimate the probability distributions of RUL of aircraft turbofan engines. Then, a deep reinforcement learning approach is used to suggest optimal maintenance decisions considering the probability distribution of the RUL. The proposed framework is illustrated using a digital twin model of turbofan engine maintenance.
In addition, the remaining challenges to implementing PdM in actual businesses are discussed. These challenges are identified based on literature, historical records of aircraft maintenance accidents, interviews with mechanics, and the presenter’s experience in interaction between academia and industry. Ultimately, the presentation aims to initiate an open discussion on the vision of predictive maintenance in Industry 4.0.
The railway wheel is a prioritized component for vehicle maintenance as it takes a significant portion of maintenance costs [1]. The subsurface-initiated rolling contact fatigue is one of the crucial deteriorations, which requires careful monitoring for wheel maintenance [2]-[3]. Due to improved quality control in wheel manufacturers and maintenance actions in railway operators, subsurface-initiated rolling contact fatigue rarely happens these days in passenger trains. However, it is always risky to trigger catastrophic accidents such as derailment once the fatigue failure occurs.
There are two main methodologies in this study. First, fatigue initiating wheel defect size of the passenger train is estimated using Murakami's theory [4]. It uses the Dang Van stress as a fatigue index in the defect size estimation. Based on contact force measurements from wheel load detectors located in Sweden, this study predicts the initiation of subsurface-initiated rolling contact fatigue on wheels of passenger trains containing material defects.
Secondly, the influence of finite boundary effects on the subsurface stress field is studied by comparing stress from elastic Finite Element simulations with the analytical solution for semi-infinite bodies [5]. The study includes an investigation of the influence of wheel reprofiling and lateral contact load position.
Finally, it establishes an equivalent Dang Van Wöhler curve (often called SN curve) for passenger train wheels, considering fatigue life reduction due to material defects [6].
Offshore floating wind is gaining attention as a promising solution to meet the growing demand for renewable energy. This technology offers several advantages over traditional bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines, including the ability to be deployed in deeper waters and in areas with more favorable wind conditions. Despite its potential, there are still several challenges that must be addressed to make offshore floating wind energy a competitive and sustainable source.
This session will bring together experts from various fields to explore the current state of the technology and its future potential. Topics to be discussed include the latest research on floating wind turbine design and performance, new construction and installation methods, the impact of floating wind farms on the marine environment, and the production, storage and transport of hydrogen. The section will also address the social and policy aspects of floating wind energy, such as the public perception, effective regulations, and impact on local communities and economies.
By attending this conference, attendees will gain a comprehensive understanding of the field of offshore floating wind energy, including its benefits and challenges. They will have the opportunity to hear from leading researchers, engage in discussions on the latest advancements, and network with professionals in the field.
This session provides a valuable platform for researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers to come together and explore the current state and future potential of offshore floating wind energy.
In order to explore, design, install and operate new wind farms, it is necessary to ensure the durability of the unit wind platform. In particular, they must have good hydrodynamic and aerodynamic performances as well as structural performance.
However, in contrast to fixed wind platforms, floating wind platforms are very technically challenging and present technical bottlenecks in the design process, such as the so-called integrated load analyses (ILAs).
ILAs performed by OpenFAST, Bladed, OrcaFlex, etc. include structural dynamics from the perspective of the superstructure, but cannot include structural dynamics of the substructure because the floater is considered as a single point mass, i.e. the dynamic stresses and strains of the substructure cannot be obtained by performing ILAs. Due to this problem, the ULS and FLS of the floater cannot be evaluated even after the ILAs.
Recently, to solve this problem, a method has been proposed to obtain the stresses of the floating body by imbedding a hydrodynamic subroutine in a commercial finite element analysis (FEA) code. Also, a technique for evaluating ultimate limit state (ULS) based on DSA has been proposed. DSA is recognized as an efficient method that can significantly reduce ILA period. However, a further research needs to be conducted to effectively formalize the hydrodynamic pressure patterns acting on the wet side shell. Several studies on the effective use of ILAs are noteworthy. Recently, a method for performing quasi-dynamic analysis and obtaining time-domain stress history by utilizing ILAs results as loading factors has been proposed. Recently, a study has been presented on how to derive stresses due to hydrodynamic forces by dividing total wave pressure into wave excitation and radiation terms.
Back in 2010, in the midst of crisis in the European solar sector, Hanwha took the bold step to strategically enter into the green energy sector in order to turn it into a long-term growth driver for the Korean Global Fortune 500 company. While European players like Siemens or Shell stepped out of the PV module business, Hanwha entered the sector with the acquisition of Solarfun in China. Only 2 years later, Hanwha acquired the then insolvent German solar pioneer Q-Cells to embark and what has turned out to be over a decade of growth and success in solar. From its technology Headquarters in Germany, Qcells has developed its European business from a pure manufacturer of solar modules into a provider of clean energy solutions for private and commercial end customers.
However – while of great importance – solar energy won’t be able to deliver the European energy transition alone. Neither will solutions for end customers suffice to reach the ambitious climate targets of the European Union: The EU aims to reach a share of 45% of renewable energy production by as soon as 2030, plans to install 100 GW of renewable energy sources every year as well as targets net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
The talk will shed light on how Hanwha took the next step in 2022 and formed Q ENERGY. Founded on 1st of July 2022, the company combines two European green energy power houses: The former solar power plant division of Qcells with more than 15 successful years in the solar downstream business and Hanwa’s recent acquisition of the French entity of British renewable energy developer RES-Group. Together they launched Q ENERGY with a 12 GW development pipeline across Europe and more than 300 employees.
Q ENERGY develops, builds and manages green energy assets with its technology portfolio spanning from solar, to onshore and offshore wind, to large scale energy storage. Being active in France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and the UK, Q ENERGY operates along the entire value chain of green energy projects – from green-field-development, to engineering, procurement and construction (EPC), to operations & maintenance (O&M), to creating value for green energy investors, all the way to acting as an independent power producer (IPP).
Only one year after the company’s foundation, Q ENERGY has surpassed the mark of 400 employees and increased its pipeline by more than 3GW. Today, the company actively develops a 15 GW pipeline of green energy projects in Spain (6 GW), France (5.6 GW), Portugal (2 GW) and Germany (900 MW). But Q ENERGY also has green power plants in the pipeline in the Netherlands, the UK and Italy. More than 500 MW have already been successfully installed in recent months. This brings the total integrated capacity across Europe to over 2.5 GW.
The talk will also cover the growth plans of Q ENERGY in the coming years and how it plans to leverage synergies within Hanwha Group to strongly expand its activities in the European Offshore wind sector.
The transition towards a sustainable and carbon-neutral energy future requires the development of innovative technologies that can store and transport energy from intermittent renewable sources such as wind and solar power. Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC) technology is emerging as a promising solution to address this challenge.
This talk provides an overview of the basics of LOHC technology with a focus on benzyl toluene as a LOHC, covering the catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes, reactor types, operating conditions and energy flows.
Benzyltoluene (BT) is readily available and has low toxicity, making it a suitable LOHC candidate. The hydrogen storage capacity is 6.2 %wt or 2.4 MWh/t (HHV). It is a liquid with a high boiling point and low flammability. It has been shown to have good hydrogenation and dehydrogenation kinetics, and the process of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of benzyltoluene has been extensively studied.
In the LOHC cycle, hydrogen is first added to benzyltoluene to form perhydrogenated benzyltoluene (H12-BT; dicyclohexylmethane) through the exothermic hydrogenation process. The H12-BT molecule is then stored and transported at ambient temperature and pressure, making it a safe and cost-effective alternative to compressed or liquefied hydrogen. When the hydrogen is needed, the H12-BT is endothermically dehydrogenated by exposing it to a suitable catalyst and elevated temperature, resulting in the release of hydrogen gas and the re-formation of benzyltoluene to complete the storage cycle.
The hydrogenation of benzyltoluene (H0-BT) follows the established industrial hydrogenation protocol, using hydrogen pressures of 10 – 50 bar and temperatures of 100 – 300 °C. As catalyst ruthenium and rhodium are used for the lower temperature range, platinum and palladium are used for the higher temperature range.
The energy requirements of the LOHC cycle are an important consideration. The hydrogenation process is exothermic, meaning that energy is released during this step as heat at the temperature level the hydrogenation is run at. For the complete hydrogenation of 1 t of H0-BT to H18-BT an amount of 0.54 MWh of heat is generated. To improve energy efficiency, heat integration can be employed, which involves using heat from the hydrogenation in other processes, e.g. distillative seawater purification.
Following the Paris climate agreement, hydrogen (H2) is becoming increasingly important as a CO2-free mobile energy carrier. In addition, after the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War, the desire for independence from Russian natural gas has strongly arisen in the EU. In the long term, this should happen with the massive expansion of renewable energies. One of the most effective possibilities is wind energy, provided that windy areas are utilizable. The North Atlantic is windy and borders its eastern part on the northwestern states of Europe, such as Ireland, GB, Scotland, and Norway. Wind energy can be harvested there in unlimited time and quantity. The success of green H2 depends largely on whether it can be made available to industry promptly, cheaply, and in large quantities (as a supplement to renewable electricity).
Green H2 is produced by electrolyzers powered by electricity from renewable sources. The high cost of electricity, limited grid capacity, and availability in Europe are already causing governments to make plans to import green H2, as domestic demand cannot begin to be met from regionally available resources. A further complication is the economics of storage and transportation. The hydrogen produced can be stored either under very high pressure, in a gaseous state, or at very low temperatures in a liquid state. Another form is to store it with nitrogen as green ammonia at -33°C, but this is highly toxic. All the above forms require special infrastructure for storage and transportation. This increases the costs immensely and inhibits the market ramp-up.
The talk is about the development of a floating Offshore H2 Generator, which is decoupled from the land-based power grid and like on a cruise ship, consumes the self-generated electricity on site, mainly through an electrolyzer. The generated green H2 is stored in LOHC as a carrier fluid. Similar to FPSO vessels, this liquid is exchanged monthly with a conventional shuttle tanker and brought to industrial ports which are usually also connected to an inland waterway grid. The LOHC can be stored and transported at sea and on land at ambient pressure and temperature using the existing oil infrastructure. The GW hydrogen farms consist of multiple floating H2 generators, each powered by a wind turbine. The H2 farms are freely scalable and most effective when placed in areas with continuously high wind speed, which in turn ensures a very large increase in production. There, the electrolyzers can produce hydrogen 24/7. To obtain planning and legal certainty, the Offshore H2 Farms are placed in the respective EEZs of the states and near ports. Our patent-pending development is scientifically supported by the Technical University of Hamburg (TUHH) in terms of Offshore technologies & shipbuilding and by the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) for storing the H2 in the LOHC. Many simulations, wind tunnel, and wave tank tests have already been successfully completed. All installed supplier series components have at least Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 9. CRUSE Offshore GmbH (COG) has completed TRL 4 for the floater and plans to build a 5-MW prototype with the marineized components, followed by a 15-MW version for the GW Offshore H2 Farms. The techniques have been adopted from the offshore oil industry and provide an opportunity for a smooth transition from fossil to renewable energy using a liquid energy carrier on an industrial scale. COG is planning several GW Offshore H2 Farms at suitable European and international locations.
* Floating Production Storage and Offloading Unit, * Exclusive Economic Zone
Offshore platforms and in particular floating offshore platforms have a long history of use in the oil & gas industry. The first tension leg platform (TLP) was installed in the early 1980’s in the North Sea, at a depth of 147m. Since then the application of TLPs has grown significantly, with 30 platforms installed or decommissioned globally as of 2020 at depths of up to 1615m. While the fundamentals of the TLP remain the same when applied to wind energy, the dynamics of the system are quite different. The floating wind turbine becomes a complex problem coupling the system motion, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, aeroelasticity, controller operation, and mooring reactions. Although there are no commercially operating wind turbines with a TLP support structure, it is a promising area of development and an active area of research. The main goal is to study the influence of mooring depth on the system dynamics, and to investigate advantages, challenges, and relevant design considerations for adapting the TLP model to deep water. The IEA 15MW RWT [1] with the TLP, which consist of a concrete floater with eight steel rod tendons anchored to the seabed with suction buckets (developed as collaboration between BlueNewables, DTU, Tubacex, and GMC deepwater), is considered. Hydrodynamic loads are calculated in WAMIT using first order potential flow theory. HAWC2, an Aeroelastic modelling tool developed by DTU, is used to solve the entire coupled system in the time domain. In this study, three different water depths, 120m, 250m, and 1000m, are considered. To provide a clear comparison of system dynamics for the different mooring depths, the same platform/turbine model and external conditions are used for all depths. Decay tests are first run in heave, surge, pitch and yaw to investigate the system natural frequencies including the effect of mooring depth and tower stiffness. This is followed by a number of steady state simulations and dynamic simulations of selected DLCs (1.1, 1.6, and 6.1) [2], which are based on metocean conditions at Buchan Deep [3]. Increasing the mooring depth had only a minor impact on the turbine and structural loads during the operation. Furthermore, the aerodynamic performance of the turbine is not sensitive to mooring depth. At larger water depths, we observed a decrease of the platform’s natural frequency especially in surge and sway. More detailed numerical results will be discussed and presented at the conference.
South Korea's first floating offshore wind project off the coast of Ulsan is currently experiencing some delays, but the Ulsan municipality continues its efforts to become a global energy mecca. Given the highly variable wind environment of the turbine and the corresponding interrelated responses of the substructure, the structural platform of the floating offshore wind turbine, the interaction between the wind turbine and the floating support structure is a critical factor in the structural assessment. Therefore, time domain analysis is required by the International Electrotechnical Commission and Classification Societies. Although there are several numerical tools for time-domain structural analysis based on traditional coupled-motion analysis with floating wind turbines, the use of conventional time-domain analysis is still relatively inefficient and impractical for structural engineers to carry out structural strength and fatigue assessments for the large number of design load cases(DLCs) required due to the huge simulation time and computing resources required.In this presentation gives an overview of the engineering tools currently used in the floating offshore wind turbine industry and introduces the development of direct structural strength assessment of floating offshore wind turbine platforms developed by KR, which is an efficient and expeditious time-domain structural analysis approach that is practically applicable for ultimate strength assessment(ULS), including effective and practical buckling strength assessment.
Offshore Wind - The new renewable growth engine
Chan-Hee Son, Head of Offshore Wind Technology Q ENERGY, Berlin
The Offshore Wind Industry has come a long way. Since the years of the mid 2000s when regular wind turbines were repurposed for the use in a far harsher offshore environment, we now have 2nd and 3rd generation of dedicated offshore wind turbines in sizes and capacities never thought possible. The development of the supply chain in tandem with the Turbines is an inspiration by itself. With the economies of scale and experience, the cost of energy from offshore wind has tumbled where grid parity has been reached. This all would not have been possible without the subsidies and continuous policy support of governments throughout the European Union. The balancing act of growing an industry with support while facilitating the reduction of cost has culminated in an industry that is now standing on its own merits, becoming the 3rd pillar in the fight against climate change after solar and onshore wind.
It is again countries within and around the European Union that are not resting on its laurels but renewing the commitment towards the fight against climate change in the form of even more ambitious plans and dedication for renewable energy. Specifically for offshore wind, the current installed capacity has already reached 30GW and we look at projections of 110GW in 2030 and 190GW in 2035 by some of the industry’s renowned media.
Q ENERGY has always been dedicated to merchant markets where the dynamics of the market determine the prices and volumes of renewable energy. Our success story continues, having started with Solar, expanding into onshore wind and accumulating a pan-European pipeline of more than 12GWs of renewable energy projects to date.
Now is the right time to enter the offshore wind industry. The rapid growth of the offshore wind market has made it clear that this is a market and industry that Q ENERGY cannot forego. Provisionally based out of Berlin, the headquarters of Q ENERGY, we are in the process of hiring top talent in the industry that will together with our seasoned local development teams spearhead the entry into Offshore wind.
The recent acquisition of DSME(World’s 2nd largest Shipbuider) by our mother company Hanwha, is a great enabler and addition to our competency in terms of offshore wind capabilities that no other developer or utility active in the offshore wind industry can name their own.
It is with high excitement and motivation that Q ENERGY and all its members are anticipating the first offshore wind project to call our own.
The talk will cover the status and projection of the offshore wind industry's growth and shedding some light into what Q ENERGY's ambition and strategy entering the market will be.
Sustainable building technology and urban environment session focuses on advanced technologies at understanding, designing and promoting sustainable building and urban environment. This session presents multi-disciplinary research in the areas of,
As humans spend most of their time indoors, most outdoor air pollution exposure occurs inside buildings. It is well-documented that exposure to elevated concentrations of outdoor air pollutants adversely impacts human health. The associated health risks are equivalent, or in some cases more important, to the risks provoked by exposure to indoor emitted air pollutants. To address the issue, well-established building ventilation standards require an outdoor air quality investigation and the application of suitable air filtering methods when the outdoor air is inadequate. However, given that this investigation is usually based on a yearly average representation of outdoor air pollution, it limits the application of technologies that can respond in real-time to indoor and outdoor environmental conditions while providing adequate indoor air quality (IAQ) at minimum energy use. This study addresses the following research question: Can refined knowledge of the relationships between indoor and outdoor air pollutants worldwide result in improved ventilation design that aims to economize energy without compromising IAQ?
Initially, the research focused on the optimization of outdoor air filtration in ventilation systems. As filters provoke a significant pressure drop in the ventilation systems, it is essential to investigate if a more comprehensive knowledge of outdoor air pollution would permit energy savings from the fans’ operation without compromising IAQ. The results obtained through the use of simulations suggest that if the outdoor air filter is bypassed when the outdoor air pollution levels are low, it could economize, on average, 14% of the energy from the fans’ operation without compromising IAQ.
Secondly, we investigated the energy-saving potential natural ventilation (NV) can achieve in buildings by coupling the comprehensive outdoor air pollution data together with building energy simulations. The results revealed that NV can reduce the cooling demand in Europe by 17-100% without increasing the outdoor air pollution penetration indoors. However, outdoor air pollution limited this energy saving on average by 24%, indicating that it is an important limiting factor of the NV potential.
Thirdly, we developed a novel methodology that permits the evaluation of ventilation systems and strategies with regard to their energy efficiency and the health impacts that are provoked to the building occupants as a result of exposure to various air pollutants of indoor and outdoor origin. This novel method permits a better understanding of the tradeoffs between energy, IAQ, and health, and it opens the way to a more efficient ventilation design that can take advantage of current control technologies that can respond in real-time to indoor and outdoor environmental conditions.
In conclusion, the results revealed that energy savings in the ventilation systems are possible without compromising IAQ when the longitudinal outdoor air pollution is considered in the design and operation phases of the building. Designers and building operators can follow the study’s recommendations to design and operate the buildings more efficiently, as well as policymakers can benefit from the results to update the standards and guidelines for more sustainable buildings.
Background
Air pollution in office environments resulting from occupancy and activities can affect workers' health and productivity [1,2]. Despite the availability of low-cost air quality and occupancy sensors, there is limited real-time examination of occupant-associated air pollutant exposures in office buildings.
Objectives
This study aims to capture the association between occupancy and activities and occupant exposures to air pollution inside offices.
Methods
The study involved a 2-week field campaign in two Swiss office buildings, one mechanically ventilated and the other having a hybrid ventilation system. Four space types from the two buildings were examined, including open-plan office, singular office, meeting room, and cafeteria. Real-time measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, CO2, size-resolved particles, and TVOC were taken from three stationary locations (two sidewalls and a workstation) in each space. Four office workers were recruited per building to carry a customized vest with CO2/PM monitor and complete activity surveys using smartwatches. By using a cloud-based location platform and staff visual inspection, real-time number of occupants of building and room-level was tracked.
Results
The mean and standard deviation of personal CO2 level were 600±130 ppm, while the background CO2 concentrations of the office were 470±55 ppm. The mean and standard deviation of personal PM2.5 concentrations were 1.3±1.4 µg/m3 while the background PM2.5 levels were 0.8±0.9 µg/m3. The mean and standard deviation of personal PM10 was 11.4±21.9 µg/m3, which was 3-4× higher than background PM10 levels (3.8±4.7 µg/m3). The identified differences between background and personal CO2 and airborne particles indicate the existence of a personal cloud effect associated with human activities, which was more discernible among larger particles.
By applying machine-learning algorithm called decision tree classifier, the study could sort out the most significant attributes for personal exposure and occupancy detection respectively. The study findings showed that the stationary CO2/PM measurement at the desk or wall considered more significant in capturing the personal air pollution exposures than activity-related parameters. For instance, PM level at desk was the best proxy for detecting personal PM exposure. The stationary CO2 monitor at desk/wall was a good proxy for detecting both personal exposures and occupancy. During vigorous activities, consideration of the dynamics of activity was required to better characterize personal PM exposures.
Conclusions
Our preliminary results showed key variables to better define human exposures to indoor air pollution in real office environments that will be further used in developing regression models. This proposition will help building practitioners not only better understand the personal air pollution exposures but also improve the accuracy of contemporary detection on dynamic building occupancy. The study will ultimately contribute to establishing an effective ventilation control while choosing a minimum number of air quality monitors at the best location with the potential for energy savings.
Occupant-centric control has gained significant attention in recent years, with the primary focus on developing personal thermal preference models to ensure optimal comfort for individuals within a given space. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) serves as an evaluation index for thermal comfort; however, it does not fully capture the diverse thermal preferences of individual occupants. Consequently, there is a need for an adaptive control method that can cater to various occupants with different thermal preferences.
Data-based personal thermal preference models, which predominantly rely on machine learning techniques, have been the primary focus of many studies. These models, however, suffer from several limitations, such as the requirement of a sufficient amount of data and the need for complex data learning methods during the model creation process. This necessitates the development of alternative strategies that can overcome these challenges and provide a more inclusive and versatile thermal preference model.
In response to these limitations, this study proposes a novel method that eliminates the need for a large amount of data and complex calculations by utilizing a white box method. The white box method emphasizes the logical causal relationship between variables and thermal preferences, allowing for the creation of various thermal preference models without relying on extensive data sets.
Additionally, this study introduces a virtual person-based thermal preference model that simulates the thermal preferences of occupants until sufficient real data is gathered. The model adapts and evolves with each addition of new data, gradually becoming more representative of the actual participants' preferences. This approach offers a significant advantage over previous research, which did not consider occupant thermal preferences until enough data was collected.
As a result, this method allows for the consideration of occupant thermal preferences even when data is limited. As more data is collected, the model becomes increasingly tailored to the actual occupants, ensuring a more comfortable environment for all. This innovative approach addresses the shortcomings of data-based models and offers a more practical and efficient solution for occupant-centric control.
In conclusion, the development of personal thermal preference models that cater to individual differences is essential for occupant-centric control. Traditional data-based models, which rely heavily on machine learning, have inherent disadvantages due to their dependence on large data sets and complex calculations. By employing a white box method and a virtual person-based thermal preference model, this study overcomes these challenges and offers a more inclusive and adaptive solution. This method not only accounts for occupant thermal preferences with limited data but also evolves and refines itself as more data becomes available, ultimately resulting in a more accurate and representative model. Such an approach has the potential to revolutionize occupant-centric control and significantly improve the overall thermal comfort of occupants in various environments.
This study explores a systematic review of a decentralized ventilation (DV) system compared with conventional centralized ventilation systems adapting Nordic climates. Air ventilation strategies can be classified into three main categories: natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation, and hybrid ventilation. Decentralized ventilation (DV) offers several advantages. For instance, it can simplify individual zoning control in spaces because outdoor air supply volume can be easily controlled by fans in compact decentralized ventilation units. These systems are also less affected by outdoor environmental conditions such as high stack or wind pressure compared to natural ventilation systems, which means they can consistently supply air into a room. This review introduces the systematic performance of a compact mechanical air ventilator designed for decentralized ventilation as a replacement for natural ventilation and conventional centralized ventilation (CV) system in urban areas. The study compares the DV system to conventional CV systems for adapting to Nordic climates. To evaluate acceptable operating conditions for fan-assisted natural ventilation systems as a hybrid ventilation system, the study uses selected Nordic weather conditions and analyzes the cooling and heating loads of the decentralized ventilation system. The research calculates the entire fan and pump loads of the DV system using published data. Compared to conventional centralized ventilation systems, the DV system has shorter air transport distances, resulting in lower fan pressure losses. Additionally, the fan speed and airflow rate of the DV system can be adjusted easily and effectively according to indoor thermal conditions. For example, natural ventilation and centralized mechanical ventilation systems face certain challenges when it comes to adjusting the supply airflow rate effectively based on factors such as indoor occupant rates, air quality, and thermal comfort. The study demonstrates that a radiant panel with a decentralized ventilation system (RPDV) consumes the least amount of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) energy. Especially Norwegian regulations for building constructions does not allow indoor air recirculation, therefore, all-air system has not used in Norway. The radiator, radiant panel or air convection coils for heating and cooling with air ventilation system is quite common in Scandinavian countries. The RPDV minimizes supply and exhaust air pressure losses and can also function as a fan-assisted natural ventilation system during periods when outdoor air can be used without additional thermal loads. This systematic review includes a new analysis of fan and pump energy consumption in the decentralized ventilation system compared to centralized ventilation systems, based on both numerically calculated and measured data. The study provides insights into fan assisted DV systems in Nordic climates, taking into account outdoor weather conditions.
With plans of establishing human settlements on the moon, extraction and utilization of water resources from the lunar subsurface arose as one of the hot research topics in geotechnics. Through lunar explorations, water ice was detected at the PSRs (Permanently Shadowed Regions) of several lunar craters. Several sites are deemed to hold relatively large amount of water ice, however, the detailed information on the lunar geology is yet a mystery. To study the geophysical and geomechanical characteristics of the lunar soils, artificial simulants that duplicate the mineralogy of the lunar soils are frequently used. Use of lunar simulants are due to the scarcity of the real lunar soils retrieved from the Moon. Using available lunar simulants and based on the collected knowledge of the lunar geology, an experimental study was conducted to observe the geophysical and geomechanical behaviour of frozen lunar soils.
Among many types of lunar simulants, LMS-1 (Lunar Mare Simulant) was used for the study. A total of eight cylindrical samples were created with varying water content, dry density, and with two different sample preparation methods. Dry pluviation and moist tamping techniques were adopted for the sample preparation methods. The samples had dimensions of 25.4mm in diameter and 50.8mm in height. The compacted specimens were frozen inside a freezer for a minimum of 24 hours and tested inside the climate chamber at a constant temperature of -9°C. Wave velocities, electrical resistivities and unconfined compressive strengths (UCS) were measured for all eight samples, and among them, four samples were scanned using a CT scanner to observe the homogeneity of the samples that were prepared using two different sample preparation methods.
The results indicated that the geophysical and geomechanical behaviour was highly dependent on the water content of the material. The shear wave velocities were increasing with increase in water content while the effect of dry density was relatively less pronounced. The electrical resistivity showed an opposite trend where the increase in water content yielded a decrease in electrical resistivity. For the UCS, the higher water content had stronger compressive strength. The UCS was also dependent on the dry density of the material where an increase in dry density led to an increase in UCS. The CT scans of dry pluviation was relatively more homogenous compared to the moist tamped samples. The experimental results, however, did not indicate significant differences between the two chosen preparation methods.
High-resolution imaging and analysis tools such as electron microscopy and diffraction, X-ray microscopy and diffraction, and various spectroscopes have ushered in a new era of nanoscience and nanotechnology. As the size of an object decreases, the time scale of its dynamics becomes increasingly faster. Understanding the ultrafast dynamics of matter will contribute to improving the physicochemical properties and long-term stability of matter. Recently developed pulsed optical laser, electron, and X-ray sources allow for the discovery of ultrafast electronic and atomic dynamics. In this session, we will discuss various pump-probe techniques, time-resolved experiments and their applications.
Understanding and control of photon-induced dynamics of molecules on solid surfaces are of essential importance for surface chemistry as well as for design of novel devices. Here, such a multiview experiment is realized by integrating four modalities of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy—time-resolved orbital tomography, trARPES, trXPS, and trXPD—using ultrashort-pulsed extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray radiation for valence- and core-electron emission.
In our contribution, we go beyond time-resolved orbital tomography [2] and correlate these data with time-resolved information on the chemical state, band structure evolution of the 2D quantum material, and structural information of the molecule - all in real time and simultaneously. This opens up the possibility of observing the evolution of the wave function during a reaction in real time. In our detailed analysis, we discover a new mechanism that triggers the unprecedented rotation of a large ensemble of molecules. We find that the rotation is triggered by a complex interplay between hot carrier transfer, modification of the wave function, a global shift of all 2D material bands, charging of the film, and a chiral symmetry breaking in the molecules. We show how the macroscopic and microscopic worlds are connected in dynamically driven reactions on surfaces. Using theory, we explain a new mechanism for how gear motion can be realized in a large ensemble of molecules on a 2D quantum material.
Our results provide a preview of upcoming experiments at the high-repetition-rate free-electron lasers European XFEL and LCLS-II, where we are currently setting up a similar experimental approach.
In-situ transmission electron microscopy (in-situ TEM) is a powerful technique to observe a wide variety of phenomena that occur at the nanoscale. In-situ TEM experiments can use various stimuli, such as heating, biasing, tensioning, lighting, gas, liquid, cryo, and magnetic fields. With these stimuli, researchers have investigated particle agglomeration, oxidation and reduction, and electrodeposition.
One challenge of in-situ TEM is that it requires expensive and highly specialized TEM, which can limit its accessibility. However, recent advances in technology have made it possible to develop more affordable and user-friendly in-situ TEM systems, particularly with micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) chip development. With MEMS chip with special holder, anyone can perform in-situ experiment at conventional TEM and get reliable and repeatable results. As these systems become more widely available, researchers can expect to see even more breakthroughs in the field of nanotechnology.
In-situ TEM enables the recording of the process from beginning to end, but a large amount of data is generated (e.g., thousands of images), which can be challenging to process. Image processing techniques can analyze this huge data quite efficiently. For example, particle segmentation enables the tracking of the size and number of particles during in-situ TEM experiments. Furthermore, image processing can improve the data quality which was affected by results from in-situ experiments, such as uneven illumination. Image processing is not only fancy but also necessary tool for in-depth understanding on in-situ TEM.
Overall, in-situ TEM is an incredibly powerful tool that can help researchers overcome the bottleneck caused by a lack of knowledge. By using this technique, researchers can gain a better understanding of various processes that occur at the nanoscale and develop new and improved materials and devices. Combined with image processing, even more valuable information can be extracted. Therefore, in-situ TEM is an essential tool used by researchers around the world to advance our understanding of the nanoscale world.
Optical laser speckle correlation techniques opened up the possibility of studying diffusive dynamics in randomly distributed systems. Thanks to the improvement of large-scale X-ray generation facilities, a high flux of coherent X-rays enables us to collect a sufficient intensity of X-ray speckle images and has extended the spatial resolution to atomic scales [1]. Conventional X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) which is one of the most powerful and convenient techniques, has been widely employed to investigate the dynamics in atomic and molecular scales[2]. As the temporal resolution is defined by the collected number of speckle patterns in a time, comparably slow systems are intensively investigated due to the lower working repetition rate of X-ray area detectors in the past two decades[3]. Recently, new advanced detector technology has begun to offer and demonstrate X-ray area detectors with MHz frame rates, such as Adaptive Gain Integrated Pixel Detector (AGIPD)[4,5]. The AGIPD was initially designed for the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (E-XFEL), delivering hard X-ray pulses up to a 4.5 MHz frame rate. An alternative speckle correlation technique to investigate beyond faster dynamics than both X-ray pulse repetition rate and detector frame rate is Double Pulse X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (DP-XPCS). The DP-XPCS evaluates a speckle contrast of an image accumulated of two individual X-ray speckle patterns, and the temporal separation of two patterns corresponds to the temporal resolution. In order to accumulate two speckle patterns in a single frame, two coherent X-ray pulses are provided in a special operation mode of linear accelerators of XFEL or X-ray Split and Delay line (SDL) [6]. The SDL divides an X-ray pulse into two pulses and combines after two different beam trajectories. The precise adjustment of the path-length difference in the SDL defines the time delay with a precision down to a few fs. Here, we present the current effort in investigating ultrafast dynamics based on the speckle correlation techniques at the Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) beamline at E-XFEL [7]. The scope of the MID is material science experiments using the unprecedented coherent properties of the X-ray laser beams of the E-XFEL. The extremely brilliant and highly coherent X-rays with AGIPD and SDL provide the opportunity to investigate dynamics in disordered systems down to atomic length scales, with timescale ranging from femtoseconds to seconds.
Terahertz (THz = 1012 Hz) spectroscopy is a promising analytical technique for non-destructive, highly accurate investigation. Since THz time- domain spectroscopy measures both amplitude and phase of transmission through materials, which can be used to extract the spectral shape of the conductivity spectrum, and THz pulses can act as ultrafast probes of intraband excitations of materials, it allows the determination of the complex permittivity of materials. THz-TDS is a contact-free probe of electrical conductivity with subpicosecond time resolution, and it has proven especially useful for studying emerging materials such as graphene, perovskites, and 2D semiconductors. However, despite its advantages, relatively long-wavelength and weak light-matter interaction limit the potential of these techniques to measure physical phenomena occurring within small areas and molecules, where many physical properties have been discovered. In this talk, we introduce recent research results with THz near-field spectroscopy for various research fields; mapping and visualization of electrical properties of graphene and 2D materials[1-3]. This method has the potential to be the basis for studies of charge distribution in space, which has been challenging to observe in a conventional way.
Block II of CM3 session
Who will be the first big player of the all solid-state batteries?
All solid-state batteries have been addressed to be the next-generation solution for electric vehicles that can overcome limitations of the current lithium-ion batteries. Despite the big expectations and some promising progress, many challenges still remain unsolved for them to be placed as major formats. As the challenges are many and difficult to be resolved, a lot of different approaches are found in the race of being the first 'automotive industry level mass production scale manufacturer' of all solid-state batteries. In this talk, a concise and comprehensive view on the current efforts made by different companies will be given, with an attempt to deliver insights on the future of this unprecedented race for safest-ever lithium-ion batteries.
Over the past few decades, the global community has become increasingly concerned about the effects of climate change and the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions. One key area of focus has been the development of high-energy-density batteries for use in e-transportation, as they can potentially reduce carbon emissions. The incorporation of silicon (Si) as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has garnered significant interest due to its high theoretical capacity, surpassing traditional graphite-based anodes. Despite its potential advantages, commercialization of the Si-based anode in LIBs has been impeded by several critical drawbacks, including low coulombic efficiency resulting in the depletion of active lithium and the pulverization of particles induced by drastic volume changes during charging and discharging [1], [2]. Due to these factors, the battery cell that exploits Si-based material as an anode generally shows poorer capacity retention and, therefore, their superior initial energy density cannot be maintained long. This study introduces a counter-intuitive design for a battery cell to overcome this quandary with the help of prelithiation technology.
In the design of a battery cell, the N/P ratio, representing the ratio of areal capacities of the anode and cathode, must be well balanced, usually slightly above 1.0. Setting the N/P ratio too high can decrease the coulombic efficiency and waste the remaining areal capacity of the anode, leading to reduced energy density. Conversely, setting the ratio too low can result in a safety hazard due to lithium plating [3]. The N/P ratio was purposefully increased in this research based on rigorous experiment-based calculations. This adjustment aims to partially utilize the Si particle until its critical point in terms of fragmentation, which might be below the yield strength [4], but not to diminish the energy density significantly and not to incur additional costs. In order to validate this safety limit, the degradation of Si under different depth-of-discharge (DoD) conditions was measured, and the fragmentation patterns of Si particles were also observed.
The primary disadvantage of using a Si-containing anode with a high N/P ratio is a low coulombic efficiency. During the initial charging process, a considerable amount of lithium ions becomes irreversible due to the high-areal-capacity anode requiring a substantial amount of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on its surface. This is where prelithiation plays a crucial role. Prelithiation is a technique whereby active material is lithiated before being integrated into the battery cell, thereby compensating for the loss of lithium. The electrochemical prelithiation technique allows for easy control of prelithiation parameters, such as prelithiation capacity, as demonstrated in previous studies [5], [6]. By employing electrochemical prelithiation, it becomes possible to introduce additional lithium ions to offset the amount of lithium consumed during SEI formation.
Combining the partially-utilized Si caused by a high N/P ratio and well-controlled electrochemical prelithiation, the battery cell achieved 80% capacity retention after more than 200 cycles with a coin cell configuration, although only including Si as an active material. Additionally, the energy density remained high enough due to its excellent gravimetric capacity. These findings demonstrate that pure Si anodes can indeed exhibit excellent cycling stability and provide valuable insights into the design of Li-ion battery cells containing Si.
As the demand for battery systems continues to grow, the need for innovative materials and technologies to improve their performance and sustainability has become increasingly important. Heraeus Porocarb® is a synthetic porous carbon additive that has been developed to enhance the performance of batteries in synergy with other carbon conductive additives.[1,2] By tailoring the inner porosity, specific surface area, and particle size distribution, Porocarb® can be optimized for use in anode and cathode electrodes, improving their discharge capacity and pulse power performance. Additionally, Porocarb® can aid in the processability of battery slurries by enhancing rheology and dispersion properties. Porocarb®'s unique characteristics make it an exciting addition to the array of materials for current battery developments and provide innovative solutions to improve performance of next-generation batteries.
Decarbonizing the energy sector, for example by increasing the renewable energy portion and the electrification of the combustion engine vehicle for the mobility sector should reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Advancing electrification of the mobility requires high-performing battery cells and the related production technologies. To manufacture a complete battery pack from raw materials, many laser-beam manufacturing processes are applied. The laser beam as a manufacturing tool is attractive for the battery production due to its precise spatial and temporal control of the heat input.
Among many laser-beam manufacturing processes, the laser beam drying, structuring, and welding processes are introduced in this presentation. The laser beam drying process is applied to dry the wet slurry on the copper collector foil to substitute the conventional furnace process. In this way, particles absorb the laser beam and therefore the solvent is dried not only from its surface but also from the inside. The laser beam structuring process is to reduce the tortuosity of the ion-diffusion path on an anode. When the tortuosity is reduced, the C rate is increased by a 20-30%. For this purpose, the laser beam structuring process drill microscopic holes on the dried graphite coating. Last but not least, the fundamental understanding of the laser beam welding process is shown with the in-situ X-ray observation. The x-ray observations show the melt and vapor capillary dynamics during the welding process, which supports the further understanding.
In this session, we invite current research work investigating changes of Earth and environmental systems as well as topics related to human impacts and the Anthropocene. Diverse environments of the near-surface Earth system have been influenced by human activities. These activities include agriculture, wildlife destruction, deforestration, overpopulation, overexploitation, fossil fuel production, as well as emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The quality, availability, and distribution of Earth’s water has been affected through the physical and chemical modification of streams, lakes, groundwater, river and ocean. The biosphere has been significantly altered by changing or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of many living species. Air pollution impacts on the condition of the atmosphere with damaging effects on human health and other species. The invention of plastic has created one of the most problematic pollutions, which is everywhere on the Earth and even in the ocean. Thus, humans have become the most influential species of the Earth, causing significant environmental degradation, global warming, and climate changes. Recently, the commencement of significant human impact on Earth system was officially termed as a recognized subdivision of geologic time, the Anthropocene.
We welcome interdisciplinary works and case studies that deploy novel approaches and tools to address the reconstruction of human-environmental interactions. Contributions can include insights about how human populations have coped with environmental disasters and abrupt changes in the past or how we understand the emerging Anthropocene to inform strategies for addressing climate challenges in the future. For sustainability and development of human societies and the biodiversity, we require responsible managements of natural resources, which enable us to reduce existing adverse impacts and to prevent impacts to the extent possible. Scientists and engineers can make major contributions by investigating the human-Earth system interactions and developing appropriate technologies.
[Keynote Speaker]
The unintended human footprint on European river systems
- Prof. Andreas Lang (Department Environment and Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, Austria)
[Invited Speaker]
Inhomogeneous warming of the ocean during the recent decades
- Prof. Wonsun Park (IBS Center for Climate Physics, Pusan National University, Rep. Korea)
When we talk about sustainability in coffee, until about 2015, we were talking about the economic sustainability of coffee growing regions, and the rise of Fair Trade Coffee as a solution. However, since 2015, the sustainability of coffee cultivation itself has become an issue.
Basically, coffee trees cannot withstand sub-zero temperatures, so they can only be grown in tropical climates, and the areas where coffee can grow are called coffee belts. Conversely, coffee does not thrive in too much heat. In fact, in areas close to the equator, large trees are often planted for shade to protect coffee plants from damage when the sun is too hot in the middle of the day. As global warming increases daytime temperatures, many coffee growing regions around the equator are no longer able to grow coffee. This is where the sustainability of coffee comes into play.
In contrast, since about 2000, Korea has not grown coffee naturally because it is not part of the coffee belt, but there have been continuous efforts to create an environment where coffee can be grown artificially along with the increase in the coffee market. Since 2022, Jeollanam-do has been holding discussions and symposiums to promote domestic coffee cultivation, and coffee farms have been established in various regions such as Goheung, Hwasun, and Sinan. Now, there is a movement to learn about Korean coffee growing conditions and respond to climate change in traditional coffee producing areas.
In this lecture, we will look at the role of science and technology in the sustainability of coffee and in responding to climate change through domestic coffee cultivation, and why it is important for all people, not just those in science and technology, to develop scientific literacy. We will also talk about how to reduce carbon emissions after net-zero, which may rise again due to population growth.
The transition to a sustainable and low-fossil carbon society requires a variety of investments. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a useful and widely acknowledged tool for comparing the environmental impacts of new and existing technologies to support the decision making. Although the primary rationale for carrying an LCA is to anticipate the consequences of new investment decisions, many LCAs fail to reflect the future in which these decisions will be operating and are based on the context applied at the time of the study. This is true for both foreground (studied system) and background (generic activities) data. The latter, however, is most often stemming from state-of-the-art life cycle inventory (LCI) database and not established by the LCA practitioner. As a result, its prospective attributes are more likely to be neglected.
In recent years, researchers and practitioners in the field have started recognizing this flaw and a variety of methods has been developed to incorporate the aspect of the future to incorporate prospective and time-dependent background data for LCA. However, despite the numerous advancements, most of the existing studies focus on electricity and energy sector and moreover, do not challenge the underlying decision-making paradigm defining the competitiveness of technologies over one another based primarily on economic aspects such as cost-competitiveness.
Through the first part of the study, the limitations of the existing mainstream future scenarios in global environmental scenario studies (7 studies and 23 scenarios) are shown. Through constructing causal loop diagrams for each reviewed study, the variables with the greatest number of causal connections, the “cause” and “effect” variables, and the most reported cause-effect relationships across all studies were identified. Moreover, the study found that all the reviewed studies share a limited worldview where the economic dimension is the dominant consideration, influencing the decision-making and defining future sustainability.
In a future that enables a transition to a low-fossil carbon economy, there is a need for different decision-making paradigms, where factors other than economic aspects, such as social and environmental aspects, are considered in priority for decision-making. Under this alternative decision-making paradigm, less profitable technologies may not be discarded or be classified as low priority if they are “efficient” in other environmental and social dimensions.
To bridge this gap, the second part of the study proposes a framework for systematically selecting background data for prospect LCAs by adopting alternative decision-making paradigms. This affects the whole LCA structure beyond the mere choice of background data and the framework is designed to include these interactions, keep consistency in the developed storylines, provide transparency and broad operationality for LCA practitioners and applicable beyond the electricity and overall energy sector. A modular block approach is demonstrated by combining the alternative decision-making paradigms with the key components critical in conducting prospective LCA, which forms scenarios with consistent storylines.
Furthermore, in the third part of the study, an extensive full LCA is performed for the sustainable aviation fuel case study for seven technological pathways under six scenarios, using the previously proposed framework. The process and the results are compared with LCA results using a conventional method. The aim is to demonstrate that the difference made in LCA data selection due to alternative decision-making paradigms leads to highly different results compared to LCA results under the current mainstream decision-making paradigm, proving the necessity of the use of such a framework that adopts multiple decision-making paradigms in LCA.
[Background]
Individuals' contribution to climate change through day-to-day behavior is rapidly on the rise. To limit further temperature increases, substantial global changes need to occur, including in individuals’ daily behaviors. Smartphone apps can be used to facilitate behavioral changes toward sustainable living by providing individuals with the proper information, tips and strategies, reminders, feedback, gaming experiences, and social connections with other users.
[Project description]
The CAMPAIGNers project (Citizens Acting on Mitigation Pathways through Active Implementation of a Goal-setting Network) is a collaborative effort to explore the potential for low-carbon lifestyle changes in 14 cities (9 in the EU) using a mobile app. The project aims to develop feasible plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to actively engage citizens in climate action by helping them adopt more climate-friendly lifestyles. Their feedback will provide data on behavioral patterns, barriers to change, and motivators, enabling cities to develop policies that promote low-carbon lifestyles for their citizens.
[Progress 1]
In a pilot study, we examine how perceptions of intervention messages, environmental and demographic factors via mobile apps affect individuals' engagement in lifestyle changes. After presenting a set of sustainable lifestyle Challenges to 1,333 adults in the United Kingdom, we asked them about their willingness to accept the Challenges and their motivation to change their behavior. Analyses showed that feelings of guilt and positive emotions (e.g., inspiration), anticipated positive environmental impact, and perceived social support all led to greater engagement with the Challenges. In addition, individual biospheric values, environmental concern, organic food consumption, and women and younger adults also increased willingness to accept the app's sustainable lifestyle Challenges, and motivation to change behavior. In contrast, perceived threat to freedom and difficulty of the Challenge decreased engagement. Finally, people preferred Challenges related to household energy use, local consumption, and resource waste to those involving a plant-based diet, active transportation, and local collective action.
[Progress 2]
The core tool, the Climate CAMPAIGNers app, has been developed and is now live. The current app features, in 11 languages, a carbon footprint calculator, lifestyle Challenges based on the pilot study, a community section to see how much impact each city has made and to connect with other users, and rewards for completing Challenges. The development and management of the app involves collaboration between the private sector (digital solution developers), the public sector (municipalities to implement and disseminate the tool), and the academic sector (researchers to develop effective lifestyle Challenges).
[Conclusion]
We expect that the Climate Campaigners app will provide important data and insights for the scientific community and serve as a basis for policy recommendations. Some descriptive data so far and the collaborative efforts to engage citizens in the participating cities across Europe will be discussed.
Human activity has changed the Earth system to such an extent that recent and currently forming geological deposits include anthropogenic signatures. The planetary change is stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene, which started at the end of the last major glacial epoch. Thus, the Anthropocene has been proposed as a new unit of the geologic time scale dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth system. The concept encompasses different geological, ecological, sociological, and anthropological changes in recent Earth history. The Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) of the International Commission of Stratigraphy proposed to place the beginning of the chronostratigraphic Anthropocene in the mid-20th century. It coincides with global spikes in fallout radionuclides from atmospheric bomb testing and particulates from fossil fuel combustion. Since 1950s, structure and functioning of the Earth system have changed; e.g., concentrations of long-lived greenhouse gases, surface temperature, ocean acidification, which are associated with socio-economic trends, including population growth, industrialization, and mineral and energy use. This is called as the “Great Acceleration” in the Earth system and socio-economic trends. Manufactured materials including aluminium, concrete, and plastics are increasingly present in the Anthropocene sediments.
In recent years, the Anthropocene has been a strongly discussed subject and a symbol for the dominance of humans on geological processes. Researchers have studied to define the base of the Anthropocene as a series within the Geological Time Scale and establish its overall nature and stratigraphic proxies. To investigate Anthropogenic signatures in coastal sediments of South Korea, researchers of University of Vienna (Vienna, Austria) and Chonnan National University (Gwangju, South Korea) combined their efforts in an international research cooperation. In 2021, core sections were collected from two islands on the west coast of South Korea. Sample preparation and analyses of macroscopic components and sedimentary features were conducted in Korea. In Vienna, select core samples were processed to determine characteristics of geochemical, mineralogical composition, microplastic contents, and their variations in the Anthropocene deposits. We introduce our preliminary results about Anthropogenic signatures in coastal sediments on the west coast of Korea. With this international research cooperation, we look forward to presenting our findings of distinctive markers indicating local and regional Anthropogenic signatures. All in an effort to correlate the Anthropocene within diverse environments across the Earth.
We welcome discussion for Europe-Korea cooperation on Anthropocene researches and the reconstruction of human-environmental interactions.
Web 1.0 simply provided static information to users, and Web 2.0 allowed users to participate and share information through platform-based services provided by tech giants. Now, the World Wide Web is undergoing another change. Unlike Web 2.0, Web 3.0 aims to be a fully decentralized, transparent, open, and secure environment where these infrastructure and applications will displace centralized tech giants, and individuals will be able to rightfully own their data.
For Web 3.0 to be successful, research and integration are required in various technologies, including blockchain, artificial intelligence and machine learning, AR and VR, edge computing, metaverse, ubiquitous connectivity, etc. In particular, new types of values, services and applications have recently introduced based on blockchain which is the most important technology of decentralization, such as non-fungible token (NFT), decentralised finance (DeFi), cryptocurrency (Crypto), decentralised applications (dApp), distributed ledger technology (DLT), decentralised exchanges (DEX), decentralised autonomous organisation (DAO), etc. However, Web 3.0 is still in the early stage where the definition of technologies and services have not been accurately established and it is often criticised as being nothing more than an insubstantial marketing term.
Nevertheless, Web 3.0 is a new era that we are facing or will face soon, and we must systematic and diversified preparation for it. In this session, we will explore not only technologies required for Web 3.0 but also discuss in various environments considering legal, institutional, governmental aspects.
The adoption of Internet of things (IoT) across different business domains enables smart connection between the physical world and the digital world. Voluminous amounts of data have been produced in the various business context such as manufacturing, logistics, transportation, retail, and healthcare, since the past decade as the miniaturisation of IoT devices increases (Marjani et al. 2017). The ubiquitous sensors and tracking devices installed on smartphones have been utilised as basic IoT infrastructure to support these distinct applications, reshaping human behaviours as well as the relationships and interaction patterns between human, things, and the environment.
The human trajectory data generated from IoT can significantly deepen the understandings on the human behaviour in the business context by revealing the humans’ interaction to the actual world. As IoT captures how human interact with the physical world in certain time and location (Lee and Lee 2015), the trajectory data generated from IoT is offering new way of understanding the human behaviour to create the value. In the age of IoT, humans leave an easily traceable digital footprint not only when they visit a website online, but also when they behave in the physical world. So firms are more interested in capturing the digital footprints of their consumers to understand and predict human behaviour than ever before (Guha and Kumar 2018).
Behavioural sequence prediction using IoT data is of value to both researchers and practitioners in business context. For the researchers, data from direct observation can unveil the hidden feature of customer behaviour which has been mainly visited and viewed through traditional positivism approach. Practitioners in the firm also can take a great opportunity to provide very proactive services by coping with future possible customer behaviour. Despite these merits of behavioural sequence prediction, the relevant research is still lacking due to the difficulty of data collection and lack of analytic approach (Abedi et al. 2014).
In particular, leveraging behavioural trace data in real world to implement the prediction model is challenging for two reason. Firstly, finding optimal size of training and prediction points after certain observation is really difficult. How much learning and observation are required for reasonable prediction performance is not only the technical problem in terms of building prediction model, but also the economic problem as all these have something to do with the cost for prediction. Secondly, extracting valuable information by fully harnessing behavioural trace data is another challenge. The trace data collected from IoT tends to have very simple form of ‘stamp’ or ‘sequence’ data, so it requires further processing to be used for complex prediction task. Therefore, how to discover the meaningful information behind the simple trace data is a critical key to build a successful prediction model.
In this research-in-progress paper, we formalise the behavioural sequence prediction problem to tackle and clarify these two challenges within the exhibition context, which is very natural setting without any external treatment such as marketing purpose but can be easily transferrable to actual business scenario. To resolve the formalised prediction problem, we suggest the novel analytic approach by utilising the information extracted from the IoT generated data - frequent sequences, association network among exhibition booth, and geo-network. With these models, we will try to investigate the economic natures of the prediction model by examining the relationship among ‘economic variables in learning-based approach’ such as size of training data, size of input for prediction (i.e., observation points), and depth of prediction, thereby expecting to verify the existence of trade-off relationship among the variables and the phenomena of diminishing marginal accuracy under the training size and depth of prediction.
Federated learning (FL) presents a framework for training machine learning models in a distributed and collaborative manner where participating clients process their data locally, sharing only updates of the training process. FL, aiming to optimize a statistical model’s parameters by minimizing a cost function of a collection of datasets stored locally by a set of clients, was proposed as a stepping-stone
towards privacy-preserving machine learning. Despite its privacy-aware approach, the process of model training via FL has been shown to expose the clients to issues like leakage of private information, lack of personalization of the model, and the possibility to have a trained model that is fairer to some groups of clients than to others. To ameliorate the privacy risks, differential privacy, and its variants have been extensively studied and applied as cutting-edge standards for formal privacy guarantees. However, often in FL, the clients hold very diverse datasets representing heterogeneous communities. Therefore, while one of the recent focuses of research in the FL community is to build a framework of personalized models representing the users’ diversity, it is of utmost importance to protect the clients’ sensitive and personal information against potential threats to violate their privacy and, at the same time, to ensure that the trained model upholds the aspect of fairness for the users. In this paper, we analyze the trade-off between privacy, accuracy, and fairness in differentially private federated learning and suggest a solution to solve this problem based on the personalization technique.
As the Internet landscape continues to evolve, a new paradigm of Web 3.0 is drawing attention to resolve the problems of existing centralised platforms and data ownership. Web 3.0, also as known the decentralised web, introduces a new wave of technologies, concepts and environments mainly built upon blockchain technology that aims to address the limitations and challenges of the previous web. It empowers users and promotes a more open, transparent, decentralised, and user-centric application, enabling users to have greater control over their data, digital identities, and online interactions.
In particular, the design of user experience (UX) and user interface (UI) holds significant importance in Web 3.0 as it has various impacts in shaping the overall success and adaption of decentralised application and blockchain-based platforms. However, despite the importance of UX/UI design in Web 3.0, effective UX/UI deign based on a sufficient understanding of Web 3.0 such as decentralised functionalities, trust and transparency, user ownership, etc. is not applied and the existing design is still being used. This work explores Web 3.0 characteristics and understands the importance of UX/UI in Web 3.0. Then, it highlights various aspects to consider the design of UX/UI, leading to the successful integration of decentralised application and block chain platforms.
This session will serve as the focal point of the cancer research community, bringing
together scientists, clinicians, other health care professionals, survivors, patients, and
advocates to share the most recent advances in cancer science and medicine.
When the results are being translated from basic research to clinical application, one cannot
stress enough the importance of cooperation between academia and industry, which is very
much related to the theme of EKC2023.
It will highlight the work of the best minds in cancer research from institutions all over
Europe and Korea, ranging from population science and prevention to cancer biology,
translational, and clinical studies, survivorship, and advocacy.
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement, representing 3 - 7% of NSCLC, was identified as an oncogenic driver in 2007 [1]. It typically comprises younger patients with never or light smoking history [1,2]. The labs of Choi and Buettner have made significant contributions in profiling this molecular subtype as their institutions have one of the largest collections of this rare entity in each of the nations. We have previously reported that p53-mutant ALK-rearranged NSCLC cases have a much shorter benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) compared to p53-wildtype tumors due to genomic instability and amplifications on myc or alterations of TERT [3-5]. Using Korean samples, Dr. Choi has reported that EML4-ALK variant 3 tumors exhibit more aggressive tumor progression and worse prognosis than EML4-ALK variant 1 NSCLCs [6]. Additionally, ALK-rearranged NSCLC shows upregulation of integrin β3 compared to other subtypes of NSCLC, which was associated with ALK inhibitor resistance [7]. Although efforts have been made to dissect the genomic profiles of ALK-rearranged NSCLC, as shown from previous studies reported by both groups, the clinical responses can vary significantly even within the ALK-rearranged NSCLC, and there is no clear stratification of patients who will enjoy the maximum benefit of ALK inhibitors. Notably, until now, studies reporting of the genomic profiles in ALK-rearranged NSCLC were based on the utilization of bulk tumor sequencing. Sequencing using bulk tissue has become the standard. However, rare genomic alterations with the potential to higher functional significance may be masked by tissue homogenization, thereby obscuring the actual tumor heterogeneity. Through our collaboration, we were able to explore the molecular profiles using spatial transcriptomics and compare the genomic profile between the two ancestrally differing cohorts.
Near-infrared fluorescence-guided surgery using cancer-specific tracers is a promising approach to balance the radicality and quality of life after surgery. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a potential target due to its high expression in various digestive cancers, including gastric cancer (GC). This study aims to assess the feasibility of the anti-CEA chimeric monoclonal antibody-dye conjugate emitting at 705 nm, for cancer-specific intraoperative imaging using xenograft mouse models with human cancer cell lines. Four representative human gastric cancer cell lines with CEA expression differences were selected. Selective binding of SGM-101 to CEA on the surface of cancer cells was found using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and immunocytochemistry. in vivo imaging system was used for imaging after intravenous administration of SGM-101 to the subcutaneous implanted models. According to the distribution of this, the highest fluorescence signal was observed 48 hours after injection in a CEA density-dependent manner. Extracted tissue at peak detection time showed a micro-distribution of SGM-101 corresponding to CEA expression evaluated by Immunohistochemistry (IHC). A peritoneal seeding model was created by injecting 85As2mLuc gastric cancer cell line, which expresses both CEA and luciferase activity, into the peritoneal cavity of BALB/c-nu mice. Fluorescence imaging conducted 48 hours after intravenous (IV) administration of SGM-101 could sensitively distinguish nodules suspected of seeding, as confirmed by luminescence imaging and pathologic evaluation. This study confirms the potential of SGM-101 as a patient-tailored surgery tool such as fluorescence-guided navigation, which can identify the metastatic pattern of gastric cancer cells during surgical operation.
The nongenetic mechanisms required to sustain malignant tumor state are poorly understood. During the transition from benign tumors to malignant carcinoma, tumor cells need to repress differentiation and acquire invasive features. Using transcriptional profiling of cancer stem cells from benign tumors and malignant skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we identified the nuclear receptor NR2F2 as uniquely expressed in malignant SCC. Using genetic gain of function and loss of function in vivo, we show that NR2F2 is essential for promoting the malignant tumor state by controlling tumor stemness and maintenance in mouse and human SCC. We demonstrate that NR2F2 promotes tumor cell proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and invasive features, while repressing tumor differentiation and immune cell infiltration by regulating a common transcriptional program in mouse and human SCCs. Altogether, we identify NR2F2 as a key regulator of malignant cancer stem cell functions that promotes tumor renewal and restricts differentiation to sustain a malignant tumor state.
According to Global Cancer Statistics 2020, lung cancer accounts for one in ten new cases (11.4%) and one in five cancer-related mortalities (18.0%), making it the deadliest and the second most frequently diagnosed cancer. Despite curative treatment, around 30–55% of patients relapse, primarily at distant sites, and 50% succumb to lung cancer, suggesting the early dissemination of malignant cells. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) get dislodged from the primary tumor or metastatic sites and circulate in the bloodstream. The dissemination of CTC may precede the formation of metastases and even primary tumors itself.
Prior meta-analysis on NSCLC showed that CTC positivity (CTC+) was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). CTC counts significantly increase in the pulmonary vein after surgical manipulation of the tumor or even endoscopic biopsy. However, the prognostic implication of CTC+ in the pulmonary vein is variable. The data on the predictive value of postoperative CTC are discordant. Variable follow-up periods, numerous detection methods, inconsistent CTC cut-off values, and a relatively small patient cohort may influence the outcome. Resolution of these issues will aid in the bench-to-bedside transition of CTC in resectable NSCLC.
A systemic review and metaanalysis of eighteen prospective studies by Wankhede et al. published Cancers in 2022, showed that CTC status was highly predictive of the survival outcomes of patients with early-stage NSCLC. Specifically, CTC+ status had a negative impact on OS, regardless of time and source of blood collection, detection methods, and follow-up duration. Meta-analytic data showed that CTC status was highly predictive of the survival outcomes and had a negative impact on DFS, regardless of time and source of blood collection, detection methods, and follow-up duration. In addition, it was found that the pathological stage was associated with CTC status, with stage III patients more likely to be CTC+, whereas stage I was at a lower risk. Although significant heterogeneity was observed among the included studies; however, sensitivity analyses revealed stable results.
These findings are consistent with the growing body of evidence that demonstrates that CTCs are promising prognostic markers for resectable cancers and resolve various issues revolving around the bench-to-bedside transition of CTC in early-stage NSCLC. An interesting pattern emerged during the stage assessment. As the stage progressed from early to advanced, the likelihood of CTC+ increased accordingly. Stage I disease was least likely to be associated with CTC resembling the classical view of the impact of the stage on CTC. Moreover, CTC count correlated with the pathologic stage in a similar way.
These findings hint towards the increased shedding of CTC from the bulky tumor and multiple nodal metastases. This result also conforms to the current evidence on the association of CTC to tumor size and lymph node metastasis.
To conclude, CTC could be a valid prognostic indicator for OS and DFS. Pre- and Post-OP CTC analysis can guide percision therapy. Timing of surgery and neo-adj. or adj. therapy can be based on CTC values. CTC could be used as a marker for recurrence survelience and response to therapy.
Cancer biophysics is an interdisciplinary field that combines the principles of physics, biology, and engineering to study the physical and mechanical aspects of cancer biology and its progression[1]. It focuses on understanding the physical forces, properties, and processes that govern cancer development, growth, invasion, metastasis, and response to treatment. Through the application of quantitative and computational approaches, cancer biophysics aims to uncover the underlying biophysical mechanisms and provide insights into cancer development, progression, and therapeutic strategies.
Major research areas in cancer biophysics include: 1) Mechanical properties of cancer cells: Cancer cells exhibit different mechanical properties compared to healthy cells, such as altered cell stiffness, deformability, and adhesion. Cancer biophysicists are studying these properties to understand how mechanical forces contribute to cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. 2) The tumor microenvironment: the physical properties of the tumor microenvironment, including extracellular matrix stiffness, fluid flow, and cellular interactions, play a critical role in tumor growth and progression. Cancer biophysics studies how the tumor microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior and response to therapies. 3) Cell migration and metastasis: cancer cells often migrate through complex environments, including tissues and blood vessels, to invade distant sites and form metastatic tumors. Cancer biophysics studies the physical mechanisms underlying cancer cell migration, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell adhesion, and interactions with the environment. 4) Biomechanics of tumor growth: tumor growth involves the expansion and remodeling of tissues that can exert mechanical forces on the surrounding environment. Cancer biophysics studies the biomechanical aspects of tumor growth, such as tumor-induced tissue deformation and mechanical interactions between tumor and host tissues. 5) Mechanotransduction: mechanotransduction refers to the process by which cells sense and respond to mechanical forces. In cancer, impaired mechanotransduction can contribute to tumor development and progression. Cancer biophysics explores the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction in cancer cells and its impact on tumor behavior. 6) Imaging and biophysical techniques: Advanced imaging techniques such as multiphoton microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and optical tweezers are used in cancer biophysics to visualize and quantify cellular and molecular processes in real time. Biophysical techniques enable quantitative measurements of physical properties and forces in cancer cells and tissues.
Insights gained from biophysical cancer research can inform the understanding of tumor behavior, the development of new therapeutic strategies, and the design of targeted drug delivery systems. By integrating biophysical approaches into traditional cancer biology and clinical research, cancer biophysics aims to contribute to advances in cancer diagnosis, treatment, and care.
A cancer biophysics laboratory[2-3] is essential for several reasons: 1) To understand cancer biology: Cancer is a complex disease involving intricate interactions between biological systems and physical forces. A cancer biophysics laboratory enables researchers to study the biophysical properties and processes that underlie cancer biology, thereby unraveling the fundamental mechanisms of cancer development, progression, and response to treatment. 2) Advance Personalized Medicine: Biophysical cancer research can contribute to the development of personalized medicine approaches. By studying the physical properties and behavior of individual cancer cells or tissues, researchers can gain insight into the heterogeneity of tumors and develop tailored treatment strategies based on the specific characteristics of each patient's cancer. 3) Developing new therapeutic approaches: Biophysical insights gained in a cancer biophysics laboratory can lead to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. By understanding the mechanical forces involved in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, researchers can identify new targets for therapeutic intervention and develop strategies to interrupt these processes. 1) Optimization of drug delivery systems: The physical properties of cancer cells and tissues can significantly affect the efficacy of drug delivery systems. In a cancer biophysics laboratory, researchers can study how drug molecules interact with cancer cells, penetrate the tumor microenvironment, and optimize drug delivery systems to improve treatment outcomes. 2) Bridging the gap between physics and biology: cancer biophysics serves as a bridge between physics and biology, integrating principles and techniques from both disciplines. By establishing cancer biophysics laboratories, researchers can foster interdisciplinary collaboration and leverage the strengths of physics, biology, and engineering to gain a deeper understanding of cancer and develop innovative solutions. 3) Translating research into clinical applications: A cancer biophysics laboratory provides a platform for translating basic research results into clinical applications. The laboratory can facilitate the development and validation of novel technologies, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic strategies, paving the way for their eventual use in patient care. 4) Training the next generation of researchers: Cancer biophysics is an emerging field, and dedicated laboratories are critical for training the next generation of researchers in this interdisciplinary field. A cancer biophysics laboratory provides an environment where students and scientists can gain hands-on experience with advanced biophysical techniques to enhance their skills and expertise in the field.
Overall, a cancer biophysics laboratory plays an important role in advancing our understanding of cancer, developing innovative treatments, and improving patient outcomes. By combining the principles of physics and biology, these labs contribute to multidisciplinary efforts in the fight against cancer and pave the way for new discoveries and advances in cancer research and therapy.
Despite all of these advantages, establishing a cancer biophysics laboratory presents unique challenges due to the complex nature of cancer research and the integration of biophysical techniques. There are some of the challenges that arise when establishing a cancer biophysics laboratory: 1) Cancer research often involves working with biohazardous materials, including patient samples, cell lines, and potentially infectious pathogens. It is critical to design the laboratory to meet biosafety level (BSL) requirements, provide adequate safeguards, and ensure the safety of researchers and the environment. 2) Cancer biophysics laboratories require dedicated spaces for handling and preparing patient samples, cell cultures, and tissue samples. It can be challenging to set up efficient and separate areas for sample processing, storage, and disposal while maintaining strict quality control measures. 3) Advanced imaging and analysis are required. Biophysical techniques such as microscopy, spectroscopy, and imaging play a critical role in cancer research. Setting up a laboratory for advanced imaging systems, specialty microscopes (e.g., confocal, multiphoton microscopes), and analytical tools can be complex and requires consideration of space, vibration isolation, and controlled lighting conditions. 4) Biophysical cancer research often requires the integration of multiple disciplines, including biology, physics, engineering, and computer science. Designing the laboratory to facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration, such as providing shared spaces, computational resources, and data integration platforms, is challenging but essential for effective research outcomes. 5) Cancer biophysics laboratories require a wide range of specialized equipment, including high-throughput screening systems, flow cytometers, next-generation sequencing machines, and computational resources for data analysis. Planning the laboratory to accommodate this equipment, ensure adequate power, and ensure proper maintenance and calibration can be very challenging. 6) Huge amounts of data are generated in cancer research, including genomics, proteomics, imaging, and clinical data. Developing a secure and scalable data management infrastructure to store, process, analyze, and share sensitive patient data while complying with privacy regulations is a major challenge. 7) Cancer research is a rapidly evolving field, with new techniques, technologies and research directions emerging regularly. Designing a flexible laboratory space that can adapt to changing research needs, accommodate future expansion, and integrate new technologies is important, but can also be challenging. 8) In cancer research, ethical guidelines, privacy regulations, and research protocols for human subjects must be followed. Designing the laboratory to comply with these regulations, ensuring proper documentation, and implementing required safety and ethical protocols can be complex.
Overcoming these challenges requires collaboration among researchers, smart laboratory designers, biosafety experts, and architects with expertise in cancer research and biophysics. When these challenges are considered in the design phase, it is possible to create a biophysical cancer laboratory that promotes innovative research while ensuring safety and efficiency.
Since the digital twin (DT) concept was initially proposed as an ideal model of product lifecycle management (PLM) in 2003, it is becoming a key technology as a virtual representation of a physical object, process, or service. The importance of DT is due to its potential benefits for the innovative advance of design, manufacturing, monitoring, and maintenance of physical products. The rapid development of simulation technology, sensor technology, big data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT) is accelerating the rise of the DT and expanding its availability in various applications. Therefore, the importance of DT is increasingly emphasized by academia and industry.
Modeling and simulation have played essential roles in solving engineering problems. These are also the basis of implementing DTs in practice, and their importance is increasing more and more. Furthermore, DTs can trigger the next wave in the modeling and simulation to solve the multiphysics problems efficiently and conduct simulations in the integrated condition of the virtual model and physical object by measurement data. Because of these challenges, close collaboration between academia and industry is required to define the correct concept and develop comprehensive solutions for implementing DT.
This session will be a platform to discuss advanced modeling and simulation technologies in the mechanical, aerospace, and nuclear engineering fields. The following topics are expected to discuss in this session.
1) Multidisciplinary simulation involving the interaction of different fields, such as fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetics
2) Advanced analytics, including uncertain quantifications, statistical analysis, machine learning, data mining, etc
3) Conceptual modeling and motion prediction of complex products, including aerospace, automotive, satellites, etc
4) Real-time simulation technologies
5) Systematic modeling and simulation of the manufacturing process, virtual testing process, etc
6) Challenges and limitations of current numerical methods
7) Case studies for applications of Digital Twin
This session will help attendees understand the latest modeling and simulation technologies in mechanical, aerospace, and nuclear engineering and create synergy by sharing their various application examples with engineers and scientists in academia and industry.
Continuous carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have gained significant attention in the design of lightweight structural components due to their excellent mechanical performance. The advancements in 3D printing technology based on fused deposition modeling have further accelerated the manufacturing of CFRP composites. Previous research (1), (2) has demonstrated the effectiveness of carbon fiber composite materials with fibers aligned in the direction of principal stress. However, there are several challenges associated with generating the necessary fiber orientation data, as well as a lack of reliable experimental data to validate simulation models with high accuracy. This study focuses on evaluating the mechanical performance of CFRP open-hole specimens with fibre paths aligned along the principal stress direction, considering variations in CFRP volume fraction, fibre location, and the w/D ratio. A "Fibre Path Generator" implemented using Excel is developed to deploy the fibre path, while an embedded element technique is used to create a finite element (FE) model. CFRP specimens are fabricated using the Anisoprint Composer A4 3D printer, and tensile tests are conducted according to ASTM D5766 standards. The mechanical performance of CFRP specimens is evaluated based on the maximum tensile load and stress concentration in the matrix. The results demonstrate that the mechanical performance depends not only on the CFRP volume fraction but also on the fibre location, as well as the w/D ratio of the specimen, even when the CFRP volume fraction remains the same. The simulation results are validated by comparing the maximum tensile load of the 3D-printed specimens with the FE analysis results. This study provides valuable insights for engineers involved in designing structures with complex shapes using CFRP composites. By aligning the fibre paths with the principal stress direction, the mechanical properties of CFRP composites can be maximized. The use of 3D printing technology enables precise control over fibre placement, allowing for tailored mechanical performance.
Background: Standardized fatigue testing is required for dental implants to estimate the mechanical quality and lifespan of these implants under cyclic loading conditions defined by ISO [1]. However, this testing represents a significant expense in terms of cost and time spent. It is why the present work proposes a predictive method to reduce this cost. This approach is mainly based on the combination of numerical modelling by FEM with mathematical models, such as fatigue life models and fatigue criteria.
After a review on different existing works and models developed for prediction of fatigue behaviour, we finally selected Szajek's model based on Goodman's fatigue theory and Basquin's fatigue life model [2], because this model is simplest and its computing time is reasonable.
To validate this approach, the predictive results are compared to experimental fatigue testing results given by CETIM on LIKE-BS dental implants provided by LIKE Implants Co.
Methods: An FE model is built to get the stress distribution due to the loadings applied to the implant during fatigue tests. Concerning the loading, each step has the maximum and minimum loads according to the cyclic fatigue testing. The screw connecting the prosthetic and the implant body is preloaded by a torque equal to 35 N.cm. This tightening torque is represented by pre-stress according to the screw’s shape, threads and friction coefficients [3]. After a convergence test, the FE model has 195000 tetrahedral or hexahedral elements (4 nodes or 8 nodes per element).
All the contact surfaces between components are considered perfectly linked, except the one between the prosthetic part and the implant body and another between the screw and the prosthetic part.
After analyses with the global FE model, a sub-modelling technic is used to get finer meshes on the crucial part, i.e. the screw, and to reduce the computing efforts.
Szajek’s model is based on modified Goodman’s theory and Basquin’s fatigue life [2].
Finally, it could be enough to obtain principal stresses on critical part of the structure to predict the cycle number of fatigue rupture corresponding to the cyclic loading.
Results: Three different screw friction coefficients are used to compare to the experimental data: 0.6, 0.5 and 0.4 (see Fig. 2). The value of 0.5 gives the best prediction for the lifespan of the dental implant. This value allows defining the preload force due to screw’s tightening torque, equal to 340 N. By using Szajek’s model, the lifespan for each cyclic loading is obtained and compared to experimental data given by CETIM. More detailed results would be shown in oral presentation.
Conclusion: Szajek's model gives good results in comparison to experimental data. It means that we could reduce much time and cost to design new dental implants in the future. Different friction coefficients, which is always ambiguous, was studied. Moreover, the sub-modelling technique can reduce computational costs and give numerical results more accurate.
In near future, it could be interesting to study other models of dental implants to verify whether Szajek's model remains valid for the lifespan prediction.
Shipping plays a crucial role in international trade and commerce, accounting for over 90% of all such transactions. In this context, the effective management and domination of the sea by countries have been critical to driving global economic growth and trade. Despite the emphasis on emerging technologies in the current era of digitalization and decarbonization, there remains a pressing need for proper policies to support the development of these technologies in the shipping sector.
To address this issue, the Europe-Korea Marine and Ocean Engineers Association (EKMOA) and the Korea Maritime Institute (KMI) are collaborating to host a joint session focusing on emerging technologies in the marine sector. The session will have a specific policy focus, and will cover the following topics: international, regional, and national marine policies; institutional arrangements for the management and regulation of marine activities such as marine pollution and the environment, conservation of marine resources, and alternative shipping fuels.
This session is open to engineers, academics, and specialists in marine/shipping affairs, who are highly encouraged to contribute their knowledge and expertise. The focus on emerging technologies and the need for proper policies to support their development will be of great interest to the academic and technical communities.
It is understood that progress towards climate neutrality of waterborne transport can be achieved more quickly by means of retrofitting solutions on existing assets, to improve the performance of the fleet, whilst solutions that are exclusive to new ships can be implemented at the pace of the given fleet renewal. This makes more sense when taking into consideration the comparatively long-life cycles of waterborne assets, and the current need of achieving quick and tangible results.
Therefore, the EU-funded Retrofit55 project, short for RETROFIT SOLUTIONS TO ACHIEVE 55% GHG REDUCTION BY 2030, is aimed at developing a combination of energy-saving solutions that can be adopted in retrofitting focused at achieving at least 35% of GHG emissions compared to the original design. Two new technologies, i.e., wind assisted ship propulsion and an innovative air lubrication system, will be developed together with other solutions that, although based on already mature technologies, such as operational and hydrodynamic design optimization and ship electrification, have to be expanded to be integrated with the new solutions as well as to cope with the constraints posed by the original ship design.
The final objective of RETROFIT55 is to create an advanced web-based Decision Support System (DSS), that fuses together digital twins of the different systems into an integrated digital ship model. The DSS will feature a catalogue of retrofitting solutions that are up-to-date and ready to be deployed at the end of the project and will enable the user to configure the retrofitting by combining different options which are suitable for the specific ship type and comparing them in terms of life-cycle cost, return-of-investment and several KPIs, such as EEXI, CII.
The consortium brings together universities and research institutions, three developers of the new technologies, a ship design office, software developers, ICT experts, a classification society, a ship-repair company, and two large ship operators.
Abstract
In Korea, air pollutants such as NOx, SOx, and PM-10 emitted from ships such as cargo ships are calculated and managed by the “Clean Air Policy Support System(CAPSS)”, and various policies are established and managed to reduce emissions from ships.
In particular, five large ports(Busan, Incheon, Ulsan, Yeosu & Gwangyang, Pyeongtaek & Dangjin) have been legally regulated by establishing an “Emission Control Area(ECA)” to regulate the sulfur content in fuel.
Four of these ports(Busan, Incheon, Ulsan, and Yeosu & Gwangyang) have established “Vessel Speed Reduction zones(VSR)” that limit the speed of ships within certain waters, but they are encouraged to participate on a voluntary basis rather than as a mandatory regulation.
Policies to reduce emissions from ships, such as cargo ships, need to be not only formulated and implemented, but also evaluated. This is so that emission reductions can be quantified and verified.
However, the air pollutant emissions of cargo ships managed at the national level do not reflect various operating characteristics, which limits the ability to quantitatively verify the effectiveness of the policy.
Since domestic cargo ships operate within territorial seas, additional consideration must be given to the nature of cargo ships' operations in controlled areas(ECA & VSR).
As for foreign ships, they need to be managed from the point of entry into the country, so it is necessary to set a certain spatial range for them.
In this study, we identify various advanced cases from overseas and mention the need and discussion points to establish "Inventory Zone" for calculating air pollutant emissions from ships in Korea.
Abstract
This study aims to estimate contribution of air pollutants (NOX, SOX, CO, PM2.5, PM10, and NMVOC) from ships for one year (2020) in port in Korea, Busan and Incheon Port.
In order to estimate contribution of air concentration by ship emission, we apply to CMAQ model with ISAM (The Integrated Source Apportionment Method).
CMAQ, a chemical transport model, is a numerical model that estimate receptor effects from emission sources and identifies the impact on receptors through atmospheric dispersion and chemical reaction processes from emission sources. The ISAM is tool that mainly used to understand the contribution relationship between emission sources and atmospheric concentration.
To achieve this, the model is mainly required for some model-ready data. First, detailed and accurate port, ship emissions to reflect local characteristics. Second, anthropogenic emissions data effect on surrounding area, except for ship and port emissions. Third, meteorological data that could simulate the meteorology such as sea breeze in complex coastal and port region. Model-read y data is applied to the CMAQ, and then the contribution on concentration of each emission source to the atmosphere could be confirmed.
The detailed contribution concentration from each ship and port source in region and model configuration will be explained in the presentation.
The accelerated switch to renewable energy makes wind energy harvesting more necessary. Germany and other European countries announced ambitious goals for future energy generations from renewable sources – especially wind. However, for onshore wind energy generation there is often a conflict of interest between wind turbines and third parties. For offshore wind generations faster and more constant wind flows promise higher gains. Here, the available space which provides shallow water depth for ground-based wind turbines but does not be in conflict with ship traffic and nature conservation requirements is limited and nearly exhausted. Thus, future wind turbines must move to larger water depth which makes ground-based mounting challenging and floating structures more interesting.
One concept for a floating wind turbine consists of a hexagonal foundation providing the buoyancy, and a centrally placed tower carrying the wind turbine. Several tubes connect the foundation and the tower and stiffen the structure. The hexagonal foundation has a length of 240 m and a breadth of 208 m. The nacelle caries a NREL 5 MW turbine having a three-blade rotor which hub is placed approximately 125 m above the water level and has a diameter of 130 m [1]. Froude scaling was applied to down-scaled the floating wind turbine by a factor of 150 to allow model tests.
The model was equipped with an Inertia Measurement Unit (IMU) which measured pitch, roll, and yaw motions as well as vertical, longitudinal, and lateral accelerations. Accelerations were integrated twice to get the translational motions. An electric engine was mounted in the model nacelle to run the rotor at a constant speed. Model natural frequencies were obtained by performing decay tests with and without rotor motion. Additionally, the influence of the mooring system was analysed.
In the present study, we investigated floatation stability in long-crested harmonic waves and irregular seas. For harmonic waves, Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) were determined for various wavelengths and wave heights. Additionally, test repeatability and the influence of a rotating rotor were evaluated. For irregular seas, short-term statistics were determined based on a full-scale test duration of three hours. Exceedance probabilities of roll and pitch angles and translational accelerations were calculated for operational conditions as well as severe storm conditions. Resulting angles and accelerations indicate that the floating wind turbine floats stable and safely during operational and extreme weather conditions.
Housing is the social problem that lies close to human life, but at the same time, it is also the crystallization of technology that has been most affected by industrialization. As this EKC will be held in Germany, which led to the development of housing technology, I would like to propose the session topic related to housing.
In the industrial age, in Berlin and other parts of Europe, workers' houses were very narrow, unsanitary, and had poor conditions without light. House for poor workers or house for all has become a critical issue since then.(Engels, 1942) Amid this situation, in the early 20th century, Bauhaus rebelled against the existing art education and began to conduct new academic experiments combining art, crafts, and architecture. Thanks to Bauhaus' efforts, modern industrial design and modernist architecture began to blossom in Germany. However, not long afterward, due to Nazi atrocities and World War II, Bauhaus' modernism seemed to decline in Germany.(Droste and Bauhaus-Archiv, 2002)
Nevertheless, their academic achievements began to develop in the United States and the eastern bloc of Europe, including East Germany. Functionalism or industrialization and manufacturization of construction that Bauhaus insisted on appeared on a large scale.
For example, in the case of East Germany, the Bau Academy inherited the spirit of Bauhaus, and East German architects who belonged to it devoted their research to providing quality houses for everyone under the ideology of socialism.(Song, 2012) They tried to define elements of architecture and build houses faster and easier using prefabrication. With their effort, residential areas have become increasingly large complexes and respond faster to the needs of society. The idea of this Bauhaus continues in the Eastern bloc and is found not only in the United States but also in South Korean and North Korean apartments. (Lim, 2019; Meyer, 2019)
What kind of historical events have these apartments, built easily and quickly out of concrete, explicitly faced? How have apartments been transformed for humans? Are the apartments perfectly built along the ideals of Bauhaus? So how are these German-derived ideas being expressed around the world? Finally, what challenges do apartments face today?
The importance of residential areas is increasing through COVID-19, and as the real estate market fluctuates due to the economic crisis, the meaning of building and managing houses is emerging. I want to look at the changes in housing worldwide, including in Germany, and propose a time to discuss today's housing issues together.
Literature
Droste, M. and Bauhaus-Archiv (2002) Bauhaus, 1919-1933. Taschen.
Engels, F. (1942) The Housing Question. Lawrence and Wishart.
Lim, D. (2019) [Essay] 함흥, 한반도에 새겨진 바우하우스의 흔적, vmspace. Available at: https://vmspace.com/report/report_view.html?base_seq=NjQw (Accessed: 8 January 2023).
Meyer, U. (2019) 한국 건축에 간접적 영향을 미친 바우하우스, Goethe Institute. Available at: https://www.goethe.de/ins/kr/ko/kul/kue/bau/21601345.html (Accessed: 8 January 2023).
Song, C. (2012) ‘Prussian Engineering Education in Bauakademie (1799-1879)’, Chonnam Historical Review, (45), pp. 267–289.
Housing for women - the case of IBA 87
In patriarchal societies, it is common for men to be primarily active outside and women inside the home. However, even housing was often not a space for women: ordinary apartments were designed by architects without knowledge of women's living conditions, and women often felt uncomfortable in their apartments. In Berlin, people recognized these problems and began experimenting with architecture to solve the problem of women's housing.
Today, IBA 87 is discussed as one of the most pioneering examples of urban planning. Of the 300 professionals who gathered for the first presentation of IBA 87 in 1981, there was not a single woman. The 70 women not invited to the presentation voiced their criticism and founded the FOPA (Feministische Organisation von Planerinnen und Architektinnen), an organization of female urban planners and architects. They planned a "women's block" at the Berlin IBA to build exemplary housing for women.
What problems did they analyze that women face in housing, and what design approaches could solve these problems? How can housing be created that allows women to live a healthy and comfortable life, and are these discussions still valid today? This presentation aims to understand women's housing problems and analyze historical examples of design approaches that can solve these problems.
It may sound a bit clichéd, but rapid urbanization and industrialization have caused various urban problems such as environmental pollution, lack of infrastructure, and energy shortage. Complex and diverse urban problems can no longer be solved in traditional ways. So, the smart city concept was introduced in South Korea. The smart city concept is compelling as a way to intelligently and efficiently solve urban problems. It is said that South Korea's smart city model based on digitalization is competitive in the global market and can solve urban problems. This also shows Korea's Quarantine model during the corona-crisis.
For content analysis, framing theory was chosen to explain the dynamics of Seoul's smart city and digitalization strategy. And again divided into strategic and tactical elements.
there are two interesting things I found in writing my bachelor thesis.
First of all, it was impressive that “50 plus” was actively used and recommended as a measure of digital education and communication for middle-aged and elderly people during the 2020 corona-crisis. As a result, it was found that citizens’ or the people's digital knowledge and participation is a very important key factor in citizen-centered bottom-up innovation.
Second, the installation of free Wi-Fi in public places to bridge the digital divide was also identified as a backdrop for a bottom-up approach to smart cities.
In conclusion, as a result of analyzing the Seoul metropolitan council protocols and related media articles of the Seoul Metropolitan Government from 2018 to 2020, it was revealed that Seoul's urban policy strategy for qualitative growth, especially improving citizens' quality of life, has changed.
One's own living space is one of the most private spaces people have. Not only does it provide shelter and security, but it also materializes individual needs and forms of expression.
The topic of housing has also been a subject of debate in architectural discourse for centuries, and not least housing concepts of the 20th century in their diversity are among the pioneers of socially acceptable, but also politicized, housing provision. Some of these important 20th century housing concepts in the German-speaking world have therefore been listed as historic monuments in recent years. This primarily recognizes the historical, i.e. artistic-architectural, urban or social significance of the objects and includes the housing complexes in the corresponding lists of the monument offices. The protection status is accompanied by a large number of conditions; structural changes can therefore only be made in consultation with the experts of the monument authorities.
Therefore on the one hand, living in a listed building means living in outstanding architecture. On the other hand, it also means cooperating in the associated protection and preservation of the properties. Residential monuments are constantly being converted, adapted or upgraded, so they are the subject of design concerns as well as identification and urban development processes. In this field of tension between preservation and design, one's own private living space encounters both potential communal practices of the residents and the legally defined public interest of monumental protection.
This described field of tension is part of my research on the negotiation processes between the different actors of listed 20th century housing estates and the possibilities and limits of participatory involvement in the described monument preservation processes. The aim is to define private, communal and public interests and to draw up recommendations for action for residents, owners and authorities alike. This gives rise to the following guiding questions that can accompany the lecture:
How is the field of tension between participation and monument preservation defined in the particular context of listed housing estates of the 20th century?
Which actors can be involved at which level in negotiation processes in the participatory preservation and design of listed housing estates?
What are the limits of current practice in the protection of listed housing? Do these current processes in monument preservation promote gentrification and a social imbalance in urban space?
Residential architecture is meant to be a private and personal space for individuals and their families. On the other hand, architecture is a manifestation of a society's culture, economy, and politics at a given time, and it has a "collective" or social aspect. Moreover, the "sociality" of residential architecture is even heavier when we consider that more than 70% of all structures worldwide are residential.
In this context, living spaces are not just for an individual and his family but also for a society, which must share social duties and responsibilities. Above all, it is urgent to change how we think about residential architecture to reduce global warming and environmental pollution and save natural resources and energy.
Let us think together about where, what kind of life pattern, and what kind of housing will satisfy our individual needs and contribute to our neighbors and the world.
This session will cover a broad ranges of physical phenomenas in nano-scale, which deals with the manipulation and characterization of matters on the nanoscopic length scale. Physics at the nanoscale is not limited to physics, but through convergence with various fields such as chemistry, biology, material, and mechanical engineering, we will discusse the principles of new phenomena occurring in nano-scale matters.
This session will probide a multidisciplinary approach to state-of-the-art applications of nano-technology including a wide range of application areas, basic science, as well as its innovative applications in physics.
Recent waves of COVID-19 correlate with the emergence of the Delta and the Omicron variant. In this study, we combined high-speed atomic force microscopy with single molecule recognition force spectroscopy to investigate, at single molecule resolution, the interaction dynamics of trimeric Spike with its essential entry receptor ACE2. We report that the Spike trimer undergoes rapid conformational changes on surfaces, resulting in arc-like movements of the three receptor binding domains (RBDs) that collectively screen a circular range of almost 360° degrees. Acting as a highly dynamic molecular caliper, it thereby forms up to three tight bonds through its RBDs with ACE2 expressed on the cell surface. The Spike of both Delta and Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant enhance and markedly prolong viral attachment to the host cell receptor ACE2, as opposed to the early Wuhan-1 isolate. Delta Spike showed rapid binding of all three Spike RBDs to three different ACE2 molecules with considerably increased bond lifetime when compared to the reference strain, thereby significantly amplifying avidity. Intriguingly, Omicron (B.1.1.529) Spike displayed less multivalent bindings to ACE2 molecules, yet with a ten time longer bond lifetime than Delta. Delta and Omicron (B.1.1.529) Spike variants enhance and prolong viral attachment to the host, which likely not only increases the rate of viral uptake, but also enhances the resistance of the variants against host-cell detachment by shear forces such as airflow, mucus or blood flow. We uncovered distinct binding mechanisms and strategies employed by circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants to enhance infectivity and viral transmission.
Over the past two decades, circulating biomarkers (CBs) including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, ctDNA and etc. have been widely recognized for their importance in clinical trials. Recent advances in microfluidic approaches have made it possible to enrich CTCs and form circulating tumor cell (CTC)–neutrophil clusters which are highly potent precursors of cancer metastasis. Our novel microfluidic platform for exploring CTC–neutrophil clusters can therefore play a promising role in cancer-metastasis studies. In addition, exosomes are recognized as promising biomarkers for several diseases. Thus, a simple, low-cost, and rapid microfluidic platform has been extensively developed to meet the requirement in biomedical applications. Herein, I highlight several microfluidic-based enrichment methods that are the subject of considerable research interest and suggest a microfluidic-based analysis platform for the down-stream analysis of CBs. We also discuss critical concerns and future directions for research including rapid and selective isolation of CTCs and exosomes.
New SARS-CoV-2 variants are continuously emerging with critical implications for therapies or vaccinations. The 22 N-glycan sites of the Spike protein remain highly conserved among SARS-CoV-2 variants, opening an avenue for robust therapeutic intervention. By using a nanomechanical force-sensing approach, we obtained real-time information about the molecular bonds involved in the binding of carbohydrate-binding proteins, so-called lectins, to viral spike proteins. We determined the binding capacity of a molecularly engineered lectin cloned from banana, BanLec H84T, which was shown to display broad-spectrum antiviral activity against several RNA viruses. Our studies revealed that H84T-BanLec interacts with the Spike protein of the original viral strain, Wuhan-1 and several variants of concern (Delta, Omicron). Based on our force probing technique, dynamic molecular interaction patterns with accurate rupture force and length distributions were depicted. The complex multiple binding features between the dimeric H84T and trimeric spike protein were analysed with respect to the distribution of the glycosylation sites on the spike. Using high speed AFM, we additionally imaged spike proteins complexed with isolated lectin molecules to visualize oligomeric states and complex formation. Our data obtained by AFM techniques elucidate lectin-spike interactions at the single molecule level and uncover candidate receptors involved in spike binding and SARS-CoV-2 infections. The capacity of lectins to block SARS-CoV-2 viral entry holds promise for pan-variant therapeutic interventions.
Within the last decade, advances in Deep Learning, coupled with the large, freely available datasets as well as extremely high computing resources, have resulted in remarkable progress in the computer vision (CV), natural language processing (NLP), and broader artificial intelligence (AI) communities. Many academies and industries are also involved in developing/researching AI with Machine Learning to accelerate scientific discovery and engineering design in diverse application domains (e.g. ChatGPT, AlphaGo Zero, etc).
However, research in the AI field also shows that their performance on ranging from edge-device to high performance computing (e.g. Cloud server) is still far from practical towards open-world data and scenarios. Besides the accuracy that is widely concerned in deep learning, the phenomena are significantly related to the studies about AI model efficiency and robustness, which we abstract as “To the Edge and Beyond AI”.
In this reason, this workshop focuses on an emerging and impactful topic efficient artificial intelligence especially in computer vision field which is one of the most popular and practical fields in AI domain such as driving monitoring system, intelligence transportation system, etc. It aims to discuss and share the challenges in applying AI to specific science and engineering problem in computer vision field based on machine learning methods.
It will feature a host of invited talks covering a variety of topics in AI in CV through several domain experts as follows,
1. AI model compression techniques on edge device (pruning, quantization, etc.)
2. CV applications in AI
3. Medical image processing based on machine learning
The progress of deep learning (DL) and artificial intelligence is astonishing, and it attracts numerous researchers and practitioners from multidisciplinary domains. Although tremendous literature regarding DL applications has been published across domains, it is uncommon that DL applications are actually deployed in the daily routine. This study empirically investigated popular deep learning models including transformers and convolutional neural networks in the medical domain in order to provide a gentle guideline to researchers and practitioners who consider utilizing deep learning models for a customized task.
Global navigation satellite system-based navigation is sensitive to disturbances and jamming, hence the capability to provide reliable position accuracy without GNSS is a key element to develop the navigation systems. Recently, camera sensors have been widely used in navigation system due to the development and application of deep learning techniques. This paper proposes a deep learning based visual odometry method for aerial navigation. The state-of-the-art deep learning based optical flow estimation is used to obtain the odometry by deriving the transformation of the camera. The performance of the proposed method is verified with an open dataset.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that provides detailed information about the internal structure and function of the human body. MRI signals are acquired and stored in k-space, which is the spatial frequency domain representation of these signals. The signals are then reconstructed into MR images using linear operators, such as Fourier Transform. However, acquiring fully-sampled k-space data is time-consuming, resulting in patient discomfort and clinical inefficiency. Consequently, under-sampled k-space data is acquired to decrease scan time, despite of causing an ill-posed problem$^{[1]}$. This ill-posed problem leads to instability in the reconstruction process.
To tackle the ill-posed problem in MRI, additional constraints are employed to isolate a unique solution. Several advanced techniques exploiting additional constraints have been developed to improve stability and image quality. In this abstract, we provide an overview of three prominent reconstruction methods: Sensitivity Encoding$^{[2]}$ (SENSE), Compressed Sensing$^{[3]}$ (CS), and Deep Learning (DL)-based$^{[4-7]}$.
The sensitivity profile constraint
SENSE reconstruction$^{[2]}$ is a parallel imaging technique in MRI that accelerates data acquisition by using multiple receiver coils with unique sensitivity profiles. The method combines reconstructed images of under-sampled k-space from each coil using these sensitivity profiles by solving a linear system to reconstruct the full image. Therefore, estimating accurate sensitivity profiles is the main key to SENSE reconstruction$^{[8]}$. By using coil sensitivity information, SENSE is capable of accurately reconstructing images with fewer artifacts and superior spatial resolution, even from under-sampled data.
The sparsity constraint
CS reconstruction$^{[3]}$ is another MRI reconstruction technique that capitalizes on the sparsity of MR images in certain transform domains, such as wavelet. The conditions for successful CS include signal sparsity and incoherence in the sampling pattern. Signal sparsity enables to represent MR images with a few coefficients, helping to reduce the degrees of freedom in the reconstruction problem. Incoherence induces noise-like artifacts which can be removed by non-linear reconstruction. Therefore, the method uses fewer samples to reconstruct images, which can significantly accelerate MRI scans.
The data-driven constraint
DL-based reconstruction is a more recent approach that employs convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to learn a mapping function between under-sampled data and the corresponding ground truth. This learning process, driven by data, optimizes non-convex objective functions to capture complex patterns and features inherent in the data. Since it is not always possible to acquire fully-sampled ground truth or a large amount of training dataset in MR images, it has become a very active research field to train the networks without ground truth$^{[5,6]}$ or a large dataset$^{[6,7]}$. Given the well-trained model, DL-based reconstructions have demonstrated superior performance compared to traditional methods in terms of both image quality and computational efficiency.
In conclusion, MRI reconstruction is a crucial step for obtaining high-quality MR images from under-sampled k-space data. Techniques such as SENSE, CS, and DL-based reconstruction employ additional constraints to address the ill-posed problem, enhancing image quality and stability. These advanced methods, each with unique advantages, have demonstrated significant improvements in reconstruction performance, paving the way for more efficient and accurate MR imaging.
Neural networks performance has been significantly improved in the last few years, at the cost of an increasing number of floating point operations per second (FLOPs). However, more FLOPs can be an issue when computational resources are limited. As an attempt to solve this problem, pruning filters is a common solution, but most existing pruning methods do not preserve the model accuracy efficiently and therefore require a large number of finetuning epochs. In this paper, we propose an automatic pruning method that learns which neurons to preserve in order to maintain the model accuracy while reducing the FLOPs to a predefined target. To accomplish this task, we introduce a trainable bottleneck that only requires one single epoch with 25.6% (CIFAR-10) or 7.49% (ILSVRC2012) of the dataset to learn which filters to prune. Experiments on various architectures and datasets show that the proposed method can not only preserve the accuracy after pruning but also outperform existing methods after finetuning. We achieve a 52.00% FLOPs reduction on ResNet-50, with a Top-1 accuracy of 47.51% after pruning and a state-of-the-art (SOTA) accuracy of 76.63% after finetuning on ILSVRC2012
Throughout the history of science, it has been well proven that technological developments – be it in computational science, physics, chemistry, engineering, or mathematics – often drive further understanding and elucidation of biological/medical phenomena. The sheer quantity of Nobel Prizes in Physics or in Chemistry that are awarded to scientists who are essentially biologists (whom one would assume to receive Nobel Prizes only in the area of Physiology & Medicine) clearly attests to this.
Along with these discoveries and innovations, we are now witnessing their rapid ‘translation’ – application of these technologies to real world situations or to patients – accompanied with commercialization happening at a blindingly fast pace and on the global stage.
It is the purpose of this Scientific Session to introduce cutting-edge, disruptive technological advances and show that in many cases, such innovations have brought forth fruits of commercialization (= the founding of start-up companies). To this end, we will invite scientists and academics who are based in the physical, chemical, and/or computational sciences but who have shown that their innovations can be applied to the biomedical space. In some cases, their work have interested investors who are funding their start-up companies.
Abstracts
Around the world, the incidence of cancer is increasing every year. The surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy currently being treated in hospitals are not perfect and cause a lot of pain to patients. In addition, the patient's quality of life is reduced due to side effects or sequelae after treatment. In comparison, photodynamic cancer treatment using lasers is effective for various types of cancer, but there are limitations in treating cancers that occur deep in the human body. Therefore, as a way to overcome this problem, cancer treatment method using nanoparticles capable of self-lighting have been developed and are approaching commercialization.
The principle of nanoparticle self-lighting photodynamic therapy (SLPDT) is that after the nanoparticle photosensitizer reagent is carried out intravenously or directly to the site of the malignant tumor, there is a time for accumulation in the body for 30 minutes to 1 hour. During this time, in normal cells, the reagent is extinguished and expelled by metabolic processes, and specifically, it accumulates in a group of heterologous cells of the affected area (cancer tissue, inflammatory cells, fungal bacteria, cells infected with foreign pathogens, etc.). After administration of the reagent, radioisotopes are administered intravenously or directly to the affected area of the malignant tumor, and all therapeutic procedures are completed simply.
The reagents (self-lighting nanoparticles) accumulated in the abnormal tissue are converted into PPIX (activators) that react with the energy of light. PPIX, which is specific only for abnormal cells (malignant tumors), is excited by the ionization energy produced by radioactive isotopes. In addition, it has a mechanism to produce toxic substances (singlet oxygen) and free radicals through various processes and necrosis only abnormal cells.
Nanoparticle self-lighting photodynamic therapy (SLPDT) for cancer treatment using photodynamic therapy has the advantage of minimizing side effects and toxicity to the whole body compared to radiotherapy or chemotherapy. And regardless of the size of the total dose administered, the same site can be treated repeatedly.
In lab-on-a-chip research, the technology of precisely manipulating and separating single cells holds considerable potential. This technology is crucial in revealing cell heterogeneity, mechanisms of cell functionality, and individual cells' unique characteristics, deepening our understanding of disease diagnosis and treatment. Our research has developed a Magnetophoretic circuit technology inspired by electrical circuit theory, magnetic bubble technology, and semiconductor holes to enhance such cell manipulation technology.
This circuit technology comprises positive or negative magnetic thin film patterns and current line patterns created using lithography. It controls the direction of cell movement and switching through an external magnetic field based on the shape of the micro-magnetic pattern. The magnetic pattern and current lines operate similarly to electrical conductors, diodes, capacitors, and transistors, controlling particle movement. These characteristics allow for more precise cell manipulation.
Devices fabricated in positive are classified as magnetophoretic (MP) devices and used to manipulate labeled cells, while devices fabricated in negative are classified as pseudo-diamagnetophoretic (PsDMP) devices and used to manipulate unlabeled cells. This circuit, composed using MP/PsDMP devices, is driven by a rotating magnetic field, implementing programmable multi-control and precise control over magnetic and non-magnetic objects.
This new approach enables the development of a multi-cell research platform with high throughput, efficiency, and reliability. Due to its high level of control and efficiency, this technology provides a platform for researchers to easily separate, analyze, and experiment with cells. Therefore, this technology will advance future research in single-cell manipulation and analysis.
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is an imaging modality that uses the nonlinear magnetization characteristics of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs) and a relatively high magnetic moment compared to general paramagnetic materials. Since MPI can directly measure the concentration and location of SPIOs distributed in space, it is one of the emerging medical imaging techniques that are being studied for its use in tumor imaging, magnetic hyperthermia, cardiovascular and cell tracking(1). In all MPIs developed to date, the concentration and location information of SPIOs is obtained by forming a Field Free Line (FFL) or Field Free Point (FFP) in the space to be measured. Therefore, it is the most essential part from the manufacturing method to the resolution of the equipment according to the method of forming FFL and FFP in MPI. In this study, instead of using electromagnets or large magnets, we would like to present MPI, which generates FFLs by arranging small magnets in three-dimension and moves them mechanically (2). By applying the above FFL generating system, there is no need for drive coils, cooling equipment, and power supply systems required to obtain location information from MPI that has been developed so far. In order to secure the usefulness of the above MPI system, images were obtained using capillaries filled with SPIOs at intervals of 2 to 10 mm and spiral-shaped tubing. As a result of the experiment, it was possible to secure images up to 3D with a resolution of about 2.0 mm. In addition, it showed that even specific letters can be imaged successfully, showing the possibility of being used as medical imaging equipment or molecular imaging equipment in the various fields mentioned above. Accordingly, the MPI developed through this study was used to track SPIOs deposited in organs after SPIOs were injected into small animals for testing. And, as a result of checking the MPI image and the concentration of MNP after extraction, it was confirmed that the MPI image information and the concentration matched (3). Therefore, the results of this study showed that the method proposed in this study has advantages in manufacturing and operation compared to the electromagnet type MPI, which consumes a huge amount of power, or the MPI using large magnets.
Synthetic DNA plays an essential role in many applications, from DNA structural nanotechnology and synthetic biology, to diagnostics and proteomics, serving as a programmable material that can enable Ångström-level positional control [1, 2]. However, to maximize the utility of DNA in these applications, additional engineering efforts are required, such as quality control or precise arrangement of the oligonucleotides (oligos). This presentation introduces two such DNA-based technologies that can increase efficiency in DNA-based data storage and throughput in proteomics.
Firstly, multiplex oligo library purification by synthesis and selection (MOPSS), a method that distinguishes error-free oligos from complex oligo libraries will be presented [3]. Despite advancements in oligo synthesis in terms of throughput and cost over the past decades, synthetic errors remain a challenge. The presence of synthetic errors reduces the efficiency of application. For example, when oligos are used to store digital information by converting binary information to quaternary DNA sequences, synthetic errors might lead to information loss or lower information density. To address this challenge, MOPSS measures oligo lengths by molecular dictation in a highly parallel manner to acquire full-length oligos without synthetic errors. Furthermore, millions of digital data-encoded oligo libraries are purified in one pot by repurposing a next generation sequencing (NGS) instrument. By increasing the quality of oligo libraries regardless of their sequences or complexity, MOPSS enhances not only the efficiency of DNA-based data storage, but also that of various biotechnological applications such as synthetic biology.
Additionally, a technology that can precisely arrange oligos on a solid substrate with high programmability will be presented. Patterning the surface with multiple oligos has been one of the major goals in DNA nanoengineering since it allows spatially resolved DNA-based analysis such as sequencing [4]. However, previous approaches lacked programmability or throughput. With the proposed technology, oligos are arranged at desired distances without the need for lithography instruments. The arranged oligos can be used as tethers for functional oligos, proteins, or cells to explore their biophysical properties with single-molecule resolution. The technology will facilitate high-resolution single-molecule measurements of proteins and will accelerate high-throughput proteomics research.
Human serum albumin (HSA) in human blood system is a significant target of oxidative stress, and severe alterations to its physiological functions can result from severe oxidative damage. The severe oxidative damage to HSA has been associated with various human diseases, including liver diseases, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. As such, HSA was investigated as a potential biomarker for estimating various types of oxidative stress-induced damage to human health in this study. The fluorescence quenching methodology was employed and optimized to estimate the oxidative damage level of HSA reliably and reproducibly. Specifically, the fluorescence quenching approach relied on the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA based on its single tryptophan residue, located at position 214 (TRP 214) and proved effective in estimating severe oxidative damage to human health. Molecular modelling was employed to identify the most oxidizable amino acid residues in HSA, with TRP 214 found to play a crucial role in certain oxidative stressors that cause severe oxidative damage to HSA. The levels of kynurenine, a metabolite in the tryptophan pathway induced by its severe oxidative damage, have been found to be elevated in patients diagnosed with venous thromboembolism (VTE). Such an elevation is associated with a higher risk of recurrence and mortality. Kynurenine, an endogenous metabolite of tryptophan, has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of VTE due to its multifaceted procoagulant effects [1]. These effects comprise activation of platelets, stimulation of tissue factor expression, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. The significance of VTE, VITT (Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia), and thrombosis in global health is emphasized by the importance of continued research and innovation in this field, not only in South Korea but also worldwide including Germany. Based on the molecular modelling and experiment results of this research, oxidative stressors exhibited a stronger affinity with HSA and this is mainly depending on the presence of oxidizable amino-acid residues in HSA. Especially, TRP 214 exerts the crucial role for the severe oxidative damage of HSA. Hence, the specific metabolites produced from TRP214 in HSA induced by severe oxidative damage were estimated reliably and effectively based on the optimum analytical methodologies in this research, which can have great potential as prethrombotic diagnosis technology for VTE and VITT prevention and treatment.
Malfunction of the skeletal muscle cells cause a wide range of problems such as developmental disorders, congenitor myopathies or dystrophies, traumatic muscle injury, and even sarcopenia. Furthermore, the importance of exercise biology is catching increasing attention in this ever-ageing demographics. While these underscore the pressing need to better understand the biology of skeletal muscles cells, these cells remain notoriously difficult to study owing to their unique syncytial structure. My recent work characterized single-nucleus transcriptomics of myofibers in homeostatic and disease conditions, which provided new insights into how the inner working of muscle cells are organized and go awry in disease. In addition, I will also present new works carried out in my own lab that aims to develop new tools to further dissect the role of nuclear heterogeneity in muscle cells.
The impacts of global warming are continuously becoming more severe despite various efforts, and it is expected to become the largest obstacle that threatens human survival. Thus, the maritime industry urgently requires proactive measures to address climate change. Due to the excessive reliance on fossil fuels in the maritime sector, significant efforts and large-scale actions are necessary to transition to sustainable maritime energy at the national, regional, and international levels. This session has been arranged through the collaboration of the Europe-Korea Marine and Ocean Engineers Association (EKMOA) with the Korea Maritime Cooperation Center (KMC) to provide valuable insights into the decarbonization of the maritime industry and to provide clear guidance on where such efforts are presently directed and suggested. This session will focus on the directionality of achieving zero carbon emissions in the maritime sector. Various technologies and methods for achieving zero-carbon emissions will be reviewed, discussed, and debated by scientists, engineers, and policymakers from Korea and Europe. Various studies are introduced, and the direction and necessary matters for the research are discussed from various angles, and through this, a new vision is presented. Additionally, it will provide an opportunity to connect scientists and industry and lay the foundation for the formation of better research and technology development communities.
The need to reduce GHG emissions in maritime operations is an essential part of limiting global warming. Despite this, the sector has traditionally lagged behind land based transport when it comes to initiatives for deep decarbonisation and a move towards truly zero emission fuels. The offshore wind sector has the potential to be a first mover in maritime decarbonisation. As both a producer and off taker for Zero Emission maritime fuels there is an opportunity for windfarm owners and operators to build the supply chains and create a springboard for demand in the wider sector. Coupled with the fact that wind farm operations and maintenance vessels are uniquely placed both legislatively (being vessels that travel far from shore but generally only operate from a single country and port) and practically (being that they travel out to huge power sources where offshore charging and bunkering are possible) there is real hope for deep decarbonisation this decade. This talk will outline offshore wind’s current role in the maritime sector and highlight some of the reasons why it could potentially lead the way in decarbonisation. It will then explore fuel choices, and current technologies and initiatives which could enable a switch. Finally the presenter will examine a recent report created by the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult alongside academic partners (University of Edinburgh, University of Strathclyde, and the manufacturing technology centre) that lays out the technology options for service operation vessels operating on wind farms being developed by EnBW/BP. This study, designed to inform real world vessel procurement decisions acts as a reality check to see how far towards Zero Emissions operations is truly possible for a commercial company this decade. The presenter, David Cooper works for the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult a not-for-profit Research and Technology Organisation in the UK. In his role focussing on clean maritime initiatives he has had a supporting role on vessel decarbonisation projects and reports including the EnBW/BP study, Bibby Wavemaster Zero C, Artemis eFoiler, MJR offshore charging, and the UK department for transport’s report “Decarbonising offshore wind operations and maintenance: roadmap”
Recently, as order for Green ships have increased in earnest around the world, international shipping companies are adopting eco-friendly alternative fuels suitable for their fleets and their own industrial environments. In addition, global shipping companies are making great efforts to build a supply chain to smoothly supply the adopted fuel to their ships.
The Republic of Korea is also making efforts to positively make and review various policies and support the industry for the development and application of various alternative fuels for ships based on the 'Eco-friendly Ship Act' that has been enforced since 2020.
Orders for ‘LNG Ready’ ships, which were introduced with the aim of commercializing Green fuel for ships, are currently slightly decreasing, and ships using LNG and methanol fuel propulsion are gradually increasing in international shipping.
In addition, in the small passenger ship sector, orders for hybrid electric propulsion ships using batteries, mainly in Europe, have recently been on the rise. In the past, it was difficult to apply the battery to ships due to problems such as space and cost of batteries, but with the development of technology, orders for battery-powered ships are actively being made in the small ship sector.
A key issue of the global green ship order trend is the increase in methanol fuel-powered ships. Methanol fuel is a traditional chemical material used for various purposes in the petrochemical industry sector. For the stable operation and settlement of methanol-fueled ships, the current issue in the shipping sector is to establish a supply chain for eco-friendly fuels such as bio-methanol or e-methanol.
MAERSK and CMA CGM shipping companies are actively pursuing orders for methanol-powered ships, and they are actively establishing various cooperative MoUs with green methanol specialized institutions in Asia and Europe to smoothly produce and supply green methanol in the future.
The Republic of Korea also needs to build an industrial environment so that shipping companies can cooperate with energy companies to build a supply chain for eco-friendly alternative fuels for ships. And most of all, the Port Authority should take the lead in enhancing competitiveness in the smooth supply of alternative fuels to ships.
The global maritime sector is under increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adopt sustainable practices. To address these challenges, ammonia-based fuel cell hybrid ships have emerged as a promising solution. This research aims to provide an overview of the current state of ammonia-based fuel cell hybrid vessels and discuss future onshore demonstrations. The propulsion of these ships is generated by two propulsion motors, each consisting of two 25kW hydrogen fuel cells and two 75kW batter systems operation in parallel. An ammonia reformer is installed to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell, and two types of reformers have been developed: pressurized and atmospheric pressure. The fuel cell stack’s efficiency was measured under two test cases: 100% hydrogen (case 1) and 75% hydrogen and 25% nitrogen (case 2). Case 1 demonstrated efficiencies of 62.6% and 61.3%, while case 2 showed efficiencies of 61.4& 60.6%. The reformer’s performance test is currently ongoing. The onshore demonstration of the ammonia-based fuel cell hybrid system is scheduled to take place at the Marine Application Substantiation Technology Center (MASTC) in Korea Maritime and Ocean University (KMOU) after completing the reformer and fuel cell performance tests. The onshore demonstration will include incline tests and integrated ammonia-based fuel cell hybrid system tests. Based on the results of the onshore demonstration, a sea trial will be conducted. The integration of ammonia-based fuel cell system into ship propulsion offers multiple advantages, including high energy efficiency, reduced fuel consumption, lower operating costs, elimination of harmful emission, improved air quality, and decreased environmental impact. Additionally, this hybrid ship can serve as a bridge to a zero-emission future by integrating with other renewable energy sources such as wind or solar power. In conclusion, the utilization of ammonia-based fuel cell hybrid system in ships has significant potential for achieving a sustainable and environmentally friendly maritime industry. It requires further research, technological advancements, and collaborations among industry stakeholders, regulators, and research institutions to overcome barriers and fully realize the benefits of this innovative solution. By embracing ammonia-based fuel cell hybrid ships, the maritime sector can make substantial contributions to global efforts in combating climate change and creating a greener future.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) grant funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups(MMS,Korea) [grant number P0020619]
The Korea national R&D project named “Innovative Eco-friendly Ship Technology Development” was launched from 2022 with the support of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries to localize key technologies for reducing GHG emission at least 70% to satisfy the IMO regulation. The project will be carried out for 10 years and the “KORIES” (Korea ORganization for Innovative Eco-friendly Ship technology development“) would managing the project.
Through this project, localized technologies related to ammonia fuel supply system, ammonia engine system, and ammonia fuel cell system are expected to be secured. In addition, core equipment for electric propulsion ships such as switchboards, inverters, converters and electric propulsion units will also be localized.
To ensure connectivity of each sub-project and outcomes, KORIES will coordinated based on the technology development road map which reflects opinions of experts from various fields.
At the last stage, the ship equipped all developed system during the project will be designed to verify whether the project goal (Reduction GHG emission from the ship at least 70%) is achieved or not.
Because the fuel change from hydrocarbon fuel to carbon-neutral fuel and applying electric-powered hybrid propulsion system are expected significantly reduce GHG emission, it is looked forward that the goal can be achieved without difficulty.
The international standardization (ISO/IEC) and IMO activities are also planned in this project to promote the spread of developed technologies
The theme focuses on Mirok Li 's bibliographic life. He was born in 1899 in Hwanghae-do Province. As the very first Korean foreign student in Germany. He was a zoologist and a writer. He received a doctorate in zoologist at Munich university in 1928. He participated in resistance movements against Japanese rule and the Nazis in Germany. After achieving his doctoral grade he actively worked as a writer. His first work 'the night in a Korean lane' contributed greatly to introduce the unknown world of Korea to Germans.
From 1947 Li lectured the East Asian Culture at Munich University and wrote numerous Literature such as 'Der Yalu fliest 압록강은 흐른다'. He was the only Korean-German Author in Germany.
He died in March of 1950.
This presentation shows the Dr. Mirok Li's bibliographic life, the works he produced and his literacy world through one of his well-known works 'the Yalu River Flows'.
He was a Zoologist and a writer. He received a doctorate in Zoology at Munich University in 1928.
And he also participated in resistance movements against Japanese colonial rule in Korea the Nazis in Germany.
Dr. Mirok Li was the first korean foreign student in Munich. He was born on March 8,1899 and grew up in an affluent business family. He was the youngst child out of four Siblings and also the only son of Li's family for the fourth generation. While he was attending the Kyungsung school of Medicin in Seoul, he participated in the March 1st Korean Independence Movement against Japanese colonization and joined Daehancheongnyeon -oegyohwaldongdan(대한 청년 외교활동단, Korea`s Independent Movement group). This got him trouble, resultingin him being pursued by the japanese police. He flied to Shanghai, China in 1919 and as a member of the Republic of Korea National Red Cross. he helped the Korean Provisional Government.
In may 1920, He arrived in Germany with help from a cousin of An Jung-Gun and a German missionary named Richard Wilhelm. He began his study of University of Würzburg and the the University of Heidelberg but transfered to the University of Munich in 1925 and changed his fields of study to zoology and philosophy.
He received a doctorate in Zoology in 1928. In his exile, he supported Yudeogoryeohaguhoe(이도고려학우회, the first Korean international student organization established in 1920 in Berlin) and participated in the Europe Anti-Japanese movement.
After achieving his doctoral degree, he actively worked as a writer. His first work, 'Night in a Korean Street (Nachts in einer koreanischen Gasse) was published in `Die Dame'.
His works contributed greatly to introducing the unknown world of Korea to Germans
He had a close relationship with Professor Kurt Huber who advised the anti-Nazi student movement group, The White Rose in Munich. Later Kurt Huber was imprisoned and guillotined in 1943 due to his involvement with The White Rose. Even after the death of Kurt Huber, Mirok maintained a relationship with the Huber Famiy and took care of them.
From 1947, Li taught the Korean Language, Chinese and Japanese literature and history as a lecturer at the East Asian Institute at the University of Munich. He was the only Korean – German author in Germany. In March of 1950, Li died of Gastric cancer and was laid to rest in Gräfelfinger cemetry near Munich.
In 1963, he was awarded the National Medal of The Order of Merit for the National Foundation by the Korean geverment due to his active participation in the Korean Independdence Movement.
In 2019, on Kurt Huber Street in Munich, statues of Mirok Li and Kurt Huber were raised next to each other. The following phrase is carved on Mirok's statue:
“ To all who view the world with love, thorn hills will be rose hills“